Argument Against Taking Death As A Genuine Evil - 1295 Words

In the Lucretius’ argument against taking death as a genuine evil, one can understand his his conclusion that death should not be feared because one was nonexistent as well before birth. His first premise introduces that one would not have feelings before our birth because we are nonexistent, so we would not have any fear after death as well because one will be nonexistent. Before birth we do not experience fear, so we should not experience fear before death as well. In Lucretius argument one can object his conclusion by involving loss and deprivation after death and further explaining how it is reasonable to experience fear before death. However, if one was to accept it, then one would have to question Fischer and Brueckner’s account about loss and deprivation and how it affects one’s feelings before death. Lucretius concept represents how we should not fear death, since we were once nonexistent before our birth. Here is where one sees how nonexistence before bi rth and non existence after death differ in various ways. We would have to consider that although we were once nonexistent before birth, we also did not have a life we valued and enjoyed. Lucretius did not include how after death we would experience loss, which is when we once possessed life. One would also be deprived of the good things in life after death, and would not have the chance to experience life in the future. The difference between loss and deprivation is that with loss you once possessed theShow MoreRelatedThe Argument Of God s Existence1737 Words   |  7 Pagesparticular paper I will be taking the best explanations approach. What I mean by this is I do not have proof of God’s existence but the existence of God is the best explanation for the universe around me. With this statement in mind we will discuss arguments in support of God’s existence as well as philosopher H.J McCloskey’s article On Being an Atheist. Within McCloskey’s article he refers to three well known theist arguments as proofs the cosmological, teleological and argument from design. The CosmologicalRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of Augustine’s and Ireneaus Theodicy1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Strengths and Weaknesses of Augustine’s and Ireneaus Theodicy ‘Evil did not come from God, since God’s creation was faultless and perfect’ (St Augustine) St Augustine was a man wrote a theodicy about the problem of evil and suffering based on the Creation and Fall of Genesis in the bible, he believed that evil was caused by something that was outside the omnipotence of God. God himself is all powerful but after creating the world, he Himself would not be ableRead MoreEssay on Modern Criticism of Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin1403 Words   |  6 PagesWomen† (496). Some modern readers are repulsed by Stowe’s desire to reform society, but that is because in our times the purpose of literature is to represent the world, not change it. Because the modern critic finds it hard to identify with Stowe’s genuine desire to improve society, he sees it as an example of her self-righteousness. Because the sentimental novel appeals to the reader’s emotions, many of its scenes may strike the modern reader as overly dramatic. Baldwin claims the ostentatiousRead MoreThe Existence Of God And Theism2410 Words   |  10 Pagesdiscussion of the Cosmological, teleological, design arguments, and how he refutes these arguments to invalidate the existence of God and theism. McCloskey throughout his article refers to cosmological, teleological, and design arguments as proofs. Stated from Merriam-Webster a proof is, â€Å"Something which shows that something else is true or correct†. This goes to show that McCloskey is arguing the existence of God and is giving these three arguments the basis that they are correct. Although as statedRead MoreEssay on How Do Virtue and Chance Contribute to Happiness?1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthe course of this essay, the viewpoints of Aristotle, Epicurus, and the school of Cyrenaics will be utilized to determine the extent to which virtue and chance contribute to happiness. However, before progressing further, for the basis of this argument, a clearly defined vision of happiness is required, as individuals may perceive and, thus, define happiness in slightly or vastly different ways. As a result, for the purpose of advancing this discussion, happiness will be defined primarily by EpicurusRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 PagesEast-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends to charge him interest, which is against Jewish economic-religious principles (Bate 425). 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People usually have special individual purposes to make a tattoo. Making tattoos is a prevalent way to engrave memory in the mind. Notes is a simple way to leave notations, and all the things needed to take a note are a pen and something to write. Taking notes is the originally tradit ional way to record the memory. Due toRead MoreSocrates, Philosophy and the Good Life Essay2607 Words   |  11 Pageschose to live a life of truth and not to worry about things that did not matter. For Socrates not to live his life by the plans and requests of Gods it would be disobedient and untrue to the Gods. Socrates was brought to court to defend himself against two charges. Socrates is guilty of corrupting the young, and of failing to acknowledge the gods acknowledged by the city, but introducing new spiritual beings. ² Thorough analysis of his defense of his court charges, his definition of the goodRead MoreThe Odyssey And The Apology1743 Words   |  7 Pagesthe epic when he could easily have had the luxury of being the husband of a goddess (5. 208). In The Odyssey, Odysseus is by far from perfect. His arrogance causes him to have a Cyclops say a curse against him, which significantly prolonged his voyage home. His arrogance causes the eventually death of all this men due to the treacherous voyage home. He continuously cheats on his wife with beautiful goddess and temptresses. This was needed to gain information and to gain pity from the gods. On Kalypso’s

Operations Management Comparing Servicing Industry and...

The main factor that differentiates products from services is tangibility. Although these industries have different operations, as we are moving towards a world that is more and more service based it is observed that operations management theories, approaches and other methodologies used in manufacturing can mostly be modelled to work in the service industry. In this essay we will be contrasting some principles of operations management between Ford Motor Company and McDonald s, two succesful multinational companies with prominent operations functions. a) When it comes to processes and activities, there are wide differences between a service-based organisation and a manufacturing environment. In the production line of a factory like†¦show more content†¦Housekeeping: staff continuously ensures cleanliness of the tables, floor and customer facilities, approvisioning of straws and napkins as well as availability of space in bins. Although the primary purpose of both organisation type is to fufil customer s needs, there are important differences which will dictate their operational setup, known as the four Vs (Volume, Variety, Variation, Visibility). In the case of Ford Motor Company, we have the typical scenario of a car manufacturer that create batches of the same cars in high volume but in low variety. Because there is very little variation in demand along with no customer interaction for their operational staff, as such the production line is designed to ensure precision in the similarity of all the finished product. Following Ford s mission to be â€Å"a global family with a proud heritage passionately committed to providing personal mobility for people around the world† and to â€Å"anticipate consumer need and deliver outstanding products and services that improve people s lives†; the operations design allows food quality through the use of both machinery and specialised workers along with a thorough quality check. However in such a competitive market, their operations process design does not differentiate them from other car manufacturers. Their production line is designed in a very standard way for an automobile producer and does not contribute to differentiatingShow MoreRelatedVideo Case Arnold Palmer Hospital S Supply Chain Essay639 Words   |  3 Pageslarge buying group, one servicing 900 members. But the group did have a few limitations (Heizer Render, 2011). For example, it might change suppliers for a particular product every year (based on a new lower-cost bidder) or stock only a product that was not familiar to the physicians at Arnold Palmer Hospital. The buying group was also not able to negotiate contracts with local manufacturers to secure the best pricing (p. 411). Effective supply-chain management in manufacturing often focuses on developmentRead MoreManaging Director : The Executive Of The Company1666 Words   |  7 Pagesmanaging director. He is responsible for the overall performance of the company and is tasked with developing and implementing a strategy that drives the company forward with effective operation and profitable growth. He does this by building and maintaining a capable management team and by closely monitoring and comparing operational and financial results to forecasts and budgets. 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Although much has been written about quality management systems and their application in business, industry, and (more recently) education, little connection has beenRead MoreA Brief Note On Workforce Injury Or Death2014 Words   |  9 Pages Matching the need of our customers is the key to attracting more contracts. Satisfactory margins need to be maintained in order to provide sustainable growth of our business. Market conditions need to be monitored and active engagement with the industry and the regulator can help to predict important changes in our external environment. The financial team should keep an eye on the high economic uncertainty and adjust their activities accordingly. Raw material cost – Costs, quality and availabilityRead MoreDue Diligence Report Stork Bv3386 Words   |  14 Pages.......................................... 2.0 Stork B.V Group Structure 3.0 Market position 4.1 Boston matrix 4.2 Ansoff matrix 4.3 Competition 4.4 Main customers 4.5 Competences 4.0 Management 4.1 Risk management and control 5.0 Technology and development 6.0 Financial analysis 7.6 Limitations of ratios 7.7 Risks for Stork B.V 7.0 Conclusion 8.0 Bibliography Appendices Appendix 1: SWOT analysis Appendix 2: CVRead MoreStrategic Audit of Harley Davidson Essay5310 Words   |  22 Pagesdeterminations to seek out new opportunities for the future. • View research and development as significant in its ability to lead the market definition of touring and custom motorcycling and to develop product for the performance segment. • Manufacturing strategy was designed to increase capacity, improve product quality, reduce cost, and increase flexibility to respond to changes in the marketplace. • Harley-Davidson Financial Services, Inc. has a competitive advantage which offers wholesaleRead MoreRoles of Operations - Essay4389 Words   |  18 PagesRoles of Operations ï€ ª Is about altering, transporting, storing and inspecting ï€ ª Involves planning, organising, coordinating and controlling (transformation processes to meet customer requirements) †¢ Strategic role of operations management – cost leadership, good/service differentiation - Bs needs to develop a CA; a common way is through cost leadership differentiation - Cost Leadership ï‚ § bs provides customers with BEST value for LOWEST price ï‚ § gained by low operating costs and high volumesRead MoreSample Resume On Mercadona Corporation3031 Words   |  13 PagesCorporation is the parent company which has both PBI and The Safal under its corporation banner. 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Crisis Communication free essay sample

Definition A crisis can occur in a myriad of contexts, including organizational, family, national, or interpersonal. The communication before, during and after a crisis is a transactional activity that helps individuals or organizations to prepare for or cope with the crisis event (Reynolds Seeger, 2005). Crisis communication is studied primarily in the context of organizations (e. g. , Benoit 1995, Fearn-Banks, 2009), although it is critical in coping with crises in all contexts. Organizational Crisis Communication By definition, crisis communication in an organization is an interaction, dialogue, or conversation between an organization and its public and stakeholders before, during, and after the crisis occurrence (Benoit, 1995). In addition, crisis communication is a part of the crisis management process, which details a strategic plan and procedure for recovery for an organization that has suffered a negative impact as a result of a crisis and helps the organization to control the damaging situation (Coombs, 1999). Prior to 1980, crisis communication was believed to be part of the process of organizational reputation recovery after the crisis (Gottschalk, 1993); however, according to Fearn-Banks, (2006) contemporary crisis communication is viewed as an ongoing process rather than a one-time strategic response. Public relations practitioners have echoed this more expansive view of crisis communication by including stages of a crisis including crisis planning, development of contingencies, risk identification, and crisis avoidance (Gudykunst, 2002). Moreover, communication serves several important functions before, during, and after a crisis. First, resources for crisis response are systematically organized through communication (Heath, 2004). Professional crisis management agencies like the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) rely on communication for this function as a core element of crisis management procedures (Heath, 2004). In addition, communication can mitigate the damage of a crisis by coordinating the provision of tangible goods like insurance or organizational communication flow charts. According to enactment-based perspectives, communication frames the meaning of crisis events (Van Ruler Vercic, 2005). Crisis participants determine the meaning of events through communication by asking questions of cause, blame, and the ultimate consequences of the crisis (Williams Olaniran, 1998). Family/Interpersonal Crisis Communication Communication is also a central process in interpersonal and family crisis management. In fact, interpersonal influence was the earliest form of crisis communication, because information was passed through interpersonal channels before technology was possible (Garnett Kouzmin, 2007). The primary mode of interpersonal crisis communication is face-to-face, and although this type of communication may lack the perspective of organizational communication, it often has more direct relevance (Garnett Kouzmin, 2007). Moreover, communication functions to help individuals in families to resolve problems, promote resilience, and affirm beliefs (Walsh, 1996). Although this body of research is less developed than literature on organizational crisis communication, it does acknowledge the critical role of communication during a crisis. Crisis Communication Research: The Role of Theory Most research on crisis communication has focused on guidelines and procedures gathered from practitioners, rather than taking a more theoretical perspective (Ziaukas, 1999). However, Grunig (2002) argued that public relations and crisis communication need to conceptualize theoretical frameworks for their bodies of knowledge. Modern research on crisis communication has developed in two directions (Hearit, 1995). One encompasses theoretical models on corporate apologia and impression management (e. g. Benoit, 1995, 1997; Coombs, 1995). The aim of this approach is to develop strategies that will improve an organization’s image after a crisis has occurred. The other direction looks beyond post-crisis communication by focusing on the role of issues management and risk communication during crisis incubation. Crises often result from poor communication between organizations and the public (Coombs, 1999) and communication problems tend to intensify in a multicultural context. Hence, crisis communication does focus on the distribution of news releases and media relations, but also concerns community relations, consumer relations and other field related to public elations. Crisis Communication Models: Grunig Grunig (2002) outlined four models for public relations and crisis communication that indicate the relationships between an organization and its public or stakeholders: 1. Press Agentry/ Publicity Model: In this model, Crisis Communication practitioners may or may not offer truthful statements to their target audience(s). They are more interested in making their organization famous; and do not expect feedback from their public. 2. Public Information Model: The key characteristic of this model is that the practitioners of Crisis Communication resemble an information distributer. The primary difference with respect to other models one is that truthfulness and accuracy in the information that is distributed is required. 3. Two-way Asymmetric Model: This model is also known as the social science model. In other words, Crisis Communication Practitioners should use social science theories or research methods, such as surveys, to help themselves achieve their goals. They attempt to understand the characteristics of their public; however, the level of informational transparency between an organization and public is unequal. The public rarely, if ever, enjoys opportunities to access information about the organization. . Two-way Symmetric Model: This model is also known as the mutual understanding model. This is to say, there is a two-way dialogue between the public and an organization, and it is not simply a one-way form of communication. The purpose of research and social science methods in this model is not for propaganda or persuasion purposes but rather for purp oses of communication and fuller understanding. 5. Crisis Communication Management Defined 6. Following the strategic approach for public relations, we define crisis communication management as an ongoing and holistic process, in which the lace actively communicates with the public in order to minimize any damage to the place image. Knowing that having an image crisis is no longer a question of â€Å"if† but rather a question of â€Å"when†, all places should be involved in crisis communication management, regardless of their current image or the probability of a crisis. In order to gain a better understanding and elaborate the definition of crisis communication management, we can inspect the different crisis communication activities taken in the different stages of a crisis: 1. Precaution In accordance with its name, during the precaution stage most actions taken by organizations and places have nothing to do with a specific crisis situation but mainly concern preventive measures. This ongoing stage is used to create a strong and favorable image for the place through activities such as social contribution, community relations, allocating resources to PR, and creating good media relations. 2. Planning-Prevention In the second stage of crisis communication management, the places main goal is to prepare for future crises and to try to prevent them before they get out of control. The main tasks in the planning-prevention stage are the preparation of issue management plan (risk management), and the creation of a communication response strategy (also known as emergency response and action strategy). 3. Crisis Coping Crisis coping is a highly complex task in which a wide variety of measures are taken to contain the crisis, reduce its scale, and bring it to an end. As in the preceding stages, a correct, professional, and proactive use of crisis communication techniques can ease the perception of the crisis and prevent long-term damage to the places image. On the other hand, places that do not succeed in gaining control of the crisis coverage and delivering the right messages might find themselves facing a long-term image crisis. 4. Post-crisis In every crisis there is a post-crisis stage, starting once the smoke has cleared and lasting months or even years after the physical crisis has faded. From the perspective of crisis communication management, this stage is used for PR, advertising and marketing campaign aimed at altering the place’s image and re-attracting tourists, visitors and investors. isis refers to sequence of unwanted events at the workplace which lead to disturbances and major unrest amongst the individuals. Crisis generally arises on a short notice and triggers a feeling of threat and fear in the employees. In simpler words crisis leads to uncertainty and causes major harm to the organization and its employees. It is essential for the employees to sense the early signs of crisis and warn the employees against th e negative consequences of the same. Crisis not only affects the smooth functioning of the organization but also pose a threat to its brand name. What is Crisis Communication ? Crisis Communication refers to a special wing which deals with the reputation of the individuals as well as the organization. Crisis communication is an initiative which aims at protecting the reputation of the organization and maintaining its public image. Various factors such as criminal attacks, government investigations, media enquiry can tarnish the image of an organization. Crisis Communication specialists fight against several challenges which tend to harm the reputation and image of the organization. Need for Crisis Communication Crisis can have a negative effect on brand image. Crisis Communication experts are employed to save an organization’s reputation against various threats and unwanted challenges. Brand identity is one of the most valuable assets of an organization. The main purpose of Crisis Communication team is to protect the brand identity and maintain the organization’s firm standing within the industry. Crisis Communication specialists strive hard to overcome tough situations and help the organization come out of difficult situations in the best possible and quickest way. Crisis Communication Process Employees should not ignore any of the external parties and important clients Come out, meet them and discuss the problem with them. There is nothing to be ashamed of. If needed, seek their help. Media must not be ignored. Answer their questions. Avoiding media makes situation all the more worse. ?Don’t criticize individuals. Show a feeling of care and concern for them. Share the ir feelings and encourage them not to lose hope. Encourage them to deliver their level best. Put yourself in their place. Respect them and avoid playing blame games. ?Effective communication must be encouraged at the workplace during emergency situations. Employees should have an easy access to superior’s cabins to discuss critical issues with them and reach to a mutually acceptable solution. ?Information must flow across all departments in its desired form. One should not rely on mere guess works or assumptions during crisis. Make sure the information you have is accurate. ?Crisis communication specialists must learn to take quick decisions. Remember one needs to respond quickly and effectively during unstable situations. Think out of the box and devise alternate plans for the smooth functioning of organization. Make sure information is kept confidential. Serious action must be taken against employees sharing information and data with external parties. Such things are considered highly unprofessional and unethical and spoil the reputation of the organization. ?The superiors must evaluate performance of employees on a regular basis. Ask for feedbacks and reports to know what they are up to. Conduct surprise audits to track perf ormance of employees. Organizations hire crisis communication specialists to overcome tough times as well as to maintain their reputation and position in the market.

Magnetic Turtle an Example of the Topic Education and science by

Magnetic Turtle by Expert Leah. | 08 Dec 2016 Abstract Need essay sample on "Magnetic Turtle" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Earths magnetic field serves as ubiquitous source of directional and positional information for many marine animals. These animals use this information for their needs to survive like choosing correct migratory pathways, returning back home and to catch their prey to name a few. This has been confirmed by many researchers by behavioral experiments on many marine animals. Some examples are migration of Hatchling sea turtle in the North Atlantic Gyre, navigation of Spiny Lobsters and magnetic orientation behavior of Tritonia Diomedea. This paper reviews the magnetic navigation behavior of the Hatchling Sea Turtles and Spiny Lobsters and the behavioral experiments carried out to confirm the same by different researchers. Very little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying magnetic navigation behavior of different marine animals due to complexity of neural network. Therefore, researchers have chosen Tritonia Diomedea, which has relatively simple neural network and studied its magnetic orientation behavior by employing electrophysiological methods to explore the underlying neural mechanisms and try to extract the bigger picture by analyzing and correlating the data. This paper reviews the research in this direction as well and discusses important findings and finally the author concludes that besides behavioral experiments little is known at least about the basic mechanisms and processes underlying the magnetic navigation behavior of marine animals and besides the other important aspects of the issue, work needs to be done on the role played by higher order processing in circuits involving the sensory information. Sensory System and Navigation Human beings are having a set of sensory systems that fullfils their needs of survival on this planet in their habitat. The important sensory systems are the vision system, the hearing system, contact sensing system, temperature sensing system etc. Any of the sensory systems can be looked upon to be made up of receptors, signal processing systems and actuation mechanisms. These sensory systems are known to adapt to the habitat and guides our actions, reactions whatever we call it. In different organisms different sensory systems are evolved different levels of sophistication according to the needs of their habitat. Of these sensory systems, it is mainly the vision system that guides navigation behavior of most of the organisms, at least on the land mass of the Earth. The organisms that rely on their vision system identify and store various landmarks and thus make a map, in their mind, which they use to navigate to the desired destinations. Besides, they have visibly identifiable direction markers like rising and setting sun and different stars. So obsessed we are with our vision system, which is quite natural looking at the extent to which we rely on it for our own navigational and other needs, that apparently it looks as the only possible sensory system to support a sophisticated navigational behavior. However, scientific finding contradict this notion and present before us strange observations where highly sophisticated navigational behavior of many species could exists with little support from the vision system. This is observed mainly in marine animals. These animals reside in different habitat, need to migrate on different length and time scales and finally they need to return home. Not only this, they need to be reasonably accurate and precise on their pathway during the course of migration as the deviation from the proper path could prove fatal. Surprisingly they do so under seawater, where sunlight can hardly reach to shine their habitat or pathways, visibility is very poor due to turbidity and more importantly their habitat lacks features or what we say without any landmark (so obsessed we are with landmarks!). Migratory Behavior of Hatchling Sea Turtle Hatchling sea turtles go on their specific migratory track, along the North Atlantic Gyre, since generations, in their life cycle. This migratory track originates from their birthplace at the east coast of Florida, USA. Starting from their nests at the east coast of Florida, USA, they cross the beach to the sea and migrate offshore to the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Gyre. This is a circular system encircling the Sargasso Sea (Cain et al 2005). They remain in the Gyre system for several years and cross to the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean. After that they return to the south eastern USA i.e. their birth place, to reside in the coastal feeding grounds. The primary reason for this migratory pathway is that the North Atlantic Gyre is food-rich environment for young turtles. However, the turtles can not afford to stray beyond the extremes of the gyre as it will be fatal for them. Near Portugal, the east-flowing stream of the Gyre pides and the northern branch goes past Great Britain and temperature of the water falls rapidly. If at all the turtles are swept northwards they will soon die of cold. Similar is the situation at the southern extreme of the Gyre where failing to recognize the extremes of the Gyre will throw them in the vast sea and far away fro their home. So the question is how the young turtles with no experience of the Gyre, determine extremes of the Gyre so precisely? Do they have some kind of map built in them and some sensory system continuously sensing and telling them as where on this map they are? We will return to the answer but before, let us explore another equally important example. Navigation of Spiny Lobsters The Caribbean Spiny Lobster resides on hard bottom and coral reefs throughout the waters of Caribbean and south eastern US. They are nocturnal and spend their day protected within crevices and holes. They travel considerable distance during night and at the end comeback to either same den or another similar den nearby. Even when these lobsters are taken away and left at a location several kilometers away from their home, they come back home. Again the question is how they the direction and path to their home. Which sensory system they rely upon for such a perfect navigational capability? Navigation Based on Magnetic Sensory System These marine animals have developed a geomagnetic compass to determine direction (Lohmann et al 1995a). Behavioral experiments under replicated magnetic field conditions have stimulated similar navigational behavior in hatchling turtles and spiny lobster than that in their actual migratory path. But to return home with such an accuracy and precision requires having much more than just magnetic compass sense. They must be capable be constructing maps by detecting and combining different features of magnetic field. Several features of magnetic field like field intensity and the angle at which geomagnetic lines intersect Earths surface vary with latitude, predictably and these can be used in position finding (Lohmann 1999). Johnsen et al (2005) have reviewed physics and neurobiology of magnetorecection. They have examined the possible mechanisms of magnetoreception. The mechanisms are 1. Electromagnetic Induction, 2. Chemical Magnetoreception and 3. Magnetite sensors. The authors have evaluated the physics and / or chemistry underlying each of these mechanisms, evidence for these mechanisms and contradictions in accepting these mechanisms. Mechanism Underlying Magnetic Orientation Though, little understanding has been gained about the basic mechanisms underlying magnetoreception, based on behavioral experiments it can be said without any doubt that, there exists a fairly evolved magnetoreception and magnetic sensory system based on geomagnetism that helps them navigate so well in absence of any other sensory system to do the same. Not only the magnetoreception system, rather the entire magnetic sensory system is still a mystery to be solved. Which part of the neural system receives the magnetic signal from the environment, which part of the neural system is then takes these signals for further processing, how the signals are processed, what signals are given to which part of the neural system to generate the actuation signal. The entire circuitry and not just the circuitry but the higher order processing aspects are all very little known. The reason being the complexity of the neural network of the vertebrate, which makes it difficult to isolate the magnetic effects from other effects for deriving useful information by employing the electrophysiological studies. To overcome complexity of neural network of the vertebrates, a simple invertebrate Tritonia Diomedea was chosen for electrophysiological studies. This animal was chosen as it shows magnetic orientation under behavioral experiments and has very simple central nervous system consisting of approximately 7000 neurons in six fused ganglia and many of these neurons can be identified by their color, size and location within central ganglia. Besides, the nervous system is readily accessible for electrophysiological studies. Intracellular electrophysiological recordings show that three bilaterally symmetric pairs of identifiable neurons respond with altered electrical activity to changes in Earths magnetic field strength. Two of these pairs identified as Pd5 and Pd6 are excited by changes in direction of ambient magnetic field, while the third pair Pd7 neuron is inhibited by same magnetic stimuli that excites Pd5 and Pd6. Therefore, it can be concludes that in Tritonia Diomedea the three neuron pairs Pd5, Pd6 and pd7, are magnetically responsive cells and function in the neural circuitry underlying magnetic orientation behavior. Recent anatomical, electrophysiological and immunological analyses have provided some insight into likely roles of these neurons. Pd5 and Pd6 are large cells (~ 400 m) and produce peptide neurotransmitters and therefore, these are likely to function in generating or modulating the motor output of the magnetic orientation circuitry. The function of Pd7 is not so obvious, however some possible functionality of the same has been offered. Like Pd7 possibly controls or modulates some subtle aspects of tuning or locomotion that occurs during magnetic orientation behavior. Another possibility is that it might be suppressing the behavior that otherwise impede magnetic orientation or locomotion. Besides, neurobiological investigation of magnetic orientation in Tritonia Diomedea a few work has been done on the neural mechanisms underlying magnetic navigation behavior of vertebrates. However, not much success has been reported so far primarily due to complexity of their neural network. Also, hardly any work has been done on the role higher order signal processing associated with sensory systems. It should be noted that the original signals detected by sensors are considerably altered by the higher order signal processing and has hardly any resemblance with the original signals. Therefore, this aspect is very important and should find special focus in any serious research aiming to reveal the basic mechanisms underlying magnetic orientation behavior of different animals. References Cain S. D., Boles L. C, Wang J. H. and Lohmann K. J. (2005). Magnetic Orientation and Navigation in Marine Turtles, Lobsters, and Molluscs: Concepts and Conundrums. Integr. Comp. Biol., 45, 539-546. Johnsen Snke and Lohmann K. J. (2005). The Physics and Neurobiology of Magnetoreception. Nature Reviews (Neuroscience), 6, 703-712. Lohmann, K. J., Pentcheff N. D., Nevitt G. A., Stetten G. D., Zimmer-Faust R. K., Jarrard H. E. et al. (1995a). Magnetic Orientation of Spiny Lobsters in the Ocean: Experiments with Undersea Coil Systems, J. Exp. Biol., 198, 2041-2048. Lohmann K. J., Hester J. T. and Lohmann CMF. (1999). Long Distance Navigation in Sea Turtles, Ethol. Ecol. Evol., 11, 1-23.

9 Common Types of Fantasy Characters (With Examples)

9 Common Types of Fantasy Characters (With Examples) 9 Common Types of Fantasy Characters (With Examples) When you think of fantasy, your mind might drift to enchanted settings and the magical systems that govern them. And while it’s hard not to marvel at the brand-new worlds that authors are able to conjure, it’s the people and creatures that inhabit those worlds who claim readers’ emotional investment.This list covers nine of the most common types of fantasy characters. Don’t forget to scope out the 80+ examples of our favorite fantasy characters from popular books and movies. From the hero to the mentor, these characters are staples of the #fantasy genre 1. The HeroThere is no fantasy story without a Hero and a quest that needs undertaking. This is their fantasy world, and we’re just living in it (for a time). While people often think of Joseph Campbell’s popular Hero’s Journey when it comes to fantasy story structures, the Hero can take many different forms (they can even be an anti-hero!), whether or not the story resembles Campbell’s model. The Hero might relish in their role, like Conan the Barbarian, or they may be a reluctant leader in the story’s narrative, like Bilbo Baggins (initially). Indeed, the nature of the Hero will largely depend on the particular subgenre of fantasy you're reading/writing.(image: HBO)Example:Tyrion Lannister is an interesting character because of his grey shades. He is part of a family of villains, and out of familial obligation, he spends the first few books acting in the best interest of Lannister House. However, acting in their best interest often requires commit ting villainous deeds. So while readers might be able to empathize with Tyrion’s desire to protect - and fit in with - his family, they still recognize many of his actions as â€Å"bad.†More Reluctant Villains:Draco Malfoy (the Harry Potter series)Regent (Worm)The Henchman (Coraline)Jeremiah Colt (The Zombie Knight)The Angarak people (The Belgariad)Theon Greyjoy (Game of Thrones)Count Dracula (Blood for Dracula) 9 common types of #fantasy characters - and 80 examples of the best And that's a wrap on the nine most common types of fantasy character archetypes that you'll encounter in every book! If you'd like to read more about the genre, check out some of the following magical posts:Best Fantasy Writing Prompts13 Kick-Ass Tips For Writing FantasyA Century of Fantasy: How the Genre's Changed Since the 1920sYou can also find all these characters in the following fantasy books, lists courtesy of the Reedsy Discovery blog:The 100 Best Fantasy Series of All TimeThe 30 Best YA Fantasy Books for Teens60 Best Fantasy Books of All Time20 Addictive Urban Fantasy BooksThe 12 Best Epic Fantasy Books Like Game of ThronesWho are some of your all-time favorite fantasy characters? Let us know in the comments below!

Buenos Aries essays

Buenos Aries essays The capital of the country, Buenos Aires is also Argentina's leading city in population, commerce, and industry. It is located near the Atlantic Ocean coast, on the broad Rà ­o de la Plata, an estuary at the mouth of the Paran and Paraguay rivers. The early Spanish colonists named the city for the "good winds" that brought them to the port. Today about 10 million people live in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, one of the largest in the world. The city proper makes up a federal district, and its mayor is appointed by the nation's president. The city is not a part of Buenos Aires province, which surrounds it. Greater Buenos Aires is made up of many settlements that grew together. The oldest European center lay in the neighborhood of the present Plaza de Mayo, a large plaza in the downtown area. Streets in the city were laid out according to a grid pattern described in the Cdigo de las Indias, a legal document followed by the Spaniards in settling the Western Hemisphere. The original grid is today surrounded by Balcarce, 25 de Mayo, Viamonte, Libertad, Salta, and Estados Unidos streets. Growth of the city first followed the high elevations, along which ox- and horse-drawn two-wheeled carretas carried freight and which the modern main avenues and the rail lines also follow. The most recent developments in the city are the industrial sectors that extend from the old center southward, such as Dock Sud, La Boca, Barracas, Pinero, and Lanà ºs. The Paran River plays an important role in the life of Buenos Aires. Oranges, grapefruit, cherries, plums, and vegetables are raised in its delta area. Vacation housing is widespread, and on weekends thousands of people fill the area to engage in recreational activities. The Paran not only provides recreation, but also links the hinterlands with Buenos Aires and supplies water to the population. ...

Organization Theory & Design Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization Theory & Design Bachelor - Essay Example FedEx has always been a leading innovator in changing how the world works and lives. By providing perspective on subjects that are critical to life and business today, we seek to call attention to these important topics and help others realize the benefits and opportunities associated with them. The company's mission is to produce superior financial returns for shareowners by providing high value-added supply chain, transportation, business and related information services through focused operating companies. Federal Express will be focused in the customers' satisfaction in the highest quality manner. The organization will strive to develop mutually rewarding relationships with its employee, partners and suppliers. Safety will be the first consideration in all operations. Corporate activities will be conducted to the highest ethical and professional standards. This study examines the organizational structure on firm performance, incentive problems, and financial decisions. The FedEx families of companies headquarter in Memphis, TN represents a $32 billion corporation that offers the broadest array of transportation, e-commerce and supply chain solutions in the world. At FedEx, more than 260,000 employees and contractors are personally dedicated to doing absolutely, positively whatever it takes to deliver for our customers' everyday. The FedEx family of companies is comprised of the following: FedEx Express - Reliable express delivery, usually in one to two business days, delivering to 220 countries. FedEx Ground - Dependable, small package ground service, including FedEx home delivery. FedEx Freight - Regional, less-than-truckload transportation for heavyweight freight FedEx Custom Critical - Non-stop, door to door delivery of time critical shipments whether its parts to keep a vital production line running, emergency generators to restore power after the storm, or a priceless piece of art that needs special handling. As North America's largest time-specific, critical-shipment carrier, FedEx Custom Critical provides pickup and delivery services throughout the U.S. and Canada within Europe - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. FedEx Trade Networks - High-tech customs clearance solutions. FedEx Services - Information Technology, sales and marketing services for the FedEx companies. The Strategic Direction sector of FedEx was created to improve the strategic policy and planning capability, and strengthen its external liaison and partnerships-building capacity. The sector is responsible for providing advice and support to senior management in setting the strategic direction of the organization, and does so by ensuring FedEx direction is aligned with broader government priorities, and reflects emerging environmental trends and the imperatives of partners and clients. The sector incorporates a policy development and research capacity to improve FedEx input to emerging policy, and a rigorous environmental scanning capability to assess the socio- economic, technological, legal and political environment, both at the domestic and international levels. In addition, a strong internal and external communications component supports strategic policy and planning, and helps the FedEx achieve its identified priorities. FedEx main goal is to The responsible for the strategic direction of FedEx is Mr. Frederick W. Smith he is the chairman, president and chief

The Crucible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Crucible - Essay Example The Crucible explored this theme in the context of the 1692 Salem Witch trials. A man called Senator Joe McCarthy began McCarthyism, who exploited the American fears about Communism and managed to create a national campaign against Communists. McCarthy was gradually brought into disrepute and in 1954 he was removed as Chairman of the Committee after it was proved that he and his associates had been falsifying evidence. However, the witch-hunt continued for a few years and Arthur Miller himself was called in front of the committee in 1956. Miller refused to give the names of friends who might have been interested in Communism. As a result Miller was fined for contempt of Congress. Miller related McCarthyism and the witchcraft in Salem because in both circumstances, innocent people were punished. Miller is widely proclaimed as a moral writer whose aim is to bring out the good in man rather than bad. Through his play, The Crucible, he attempted with the problem of evil in the man and to provide a solution to this problem. Miller can argue in this way as he believes that all men have a basic concept of what is good in their minds. Through his play, he attempts to bring out this basic goodness in people by shocking them with evil. The writer presents most of the people in his play as being land grabbing, superstitious, vindictive, revengeful, cowardly, adulterous and downright evil. This makes the plot more of a battle between good and bad, both internal and external to man. The battle between good and evil has always been gripping to the mankind from ages. Miller uses this simple philosophy and blends it American history to create the play, The Crucible. The play, The Crucible, is divided into 4 acts, completely different from each other, yet have a realistic connection. Miller's style is very simple He uses simple sentence structure with a simple vocabulary, but makes sure that the suspense in the plot is not taken away. He makes the plot and idea interesting by foreshadowing future events. At the end of first act, two different scenes of Betty's room and the discussion of Procter and Abigail are left incomplete and make the audience guessing. At the end of second act, the good name of Procter in the society is kept at stake for the life of Elizabeth, wife of Procter. This creates the tension in the play, which is sustained at the end of third act also. Sentenced for death, Procter's character is put to the ultimate test. The tension is created in these waves. Each time the atmosphere is calm, it makes audience anticipate a climax. But at the end of each act, there is hysteria. There is no real break-through, but a twist in the story. Tension in the play is sustained by swinging the play from one end to other. Betty is lying unconscious on the bed within a few moments, the room is full of people and very soon, they are all shouting and arguing. Because there are so many people coming and going, this creates a sense of confusion. Miller does this because he wants the audience to feel a little of the same confusion as the characters in the play Miller makes the characters speak at different speeds sometimes quick, sometimes slow, which creates tension, it sounds more realistic. Miller sometimes has the characters i

Role of Industrilization in India Essay Example for Free

Role of Industrilization in India Essay INDUSTRILIZATION Industrialisation (or industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.[2] Industrialisation also introduces a form of philosophical change where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous rationalisation There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development. [3] Key positive factors identified by researchers have ranged from favourable politico-legal environments for industry and commerce, through abundant natural resources of various kinds, to plentiful supplies of relatively low-cost[citation needed], skilled and adaptable labour. China and India, while roughly following this development pattern, made adaptations in line with their own histories and cultures, their major size and importance in the world, and the geo-political ambitions of their governments, etc.. Meanwhile, Indias government is investing in economic sectors such as bioengineering, nuclear technology, pharmaceutics, informatics, and technologically-oriented higher education, exceeding its needs, with the goal of creating several specialisation poles able to conquer foreign markets. Both China and India have also started to make significant investments in other developing countries, making them significant players in todays world economy. Indian Industrialization The industrial policy of free India was first announced in 1948. This policy envisaged a mixed economy with an overall responsibility of the Government for the planned development of industries and their regulations in national interest. It stated the right of the state to acquire an undertaking. The public interest, and reserved an appropriate sphere for private enterprise. According to this policy Indian industries were classified into three groups. 1. The first category included arms and ammunitions, atomic energy, river valley projects, and the railways. There were to be directly under the management of the state. 2. The second category included coal, iron and  steel, aircraft, telephones, telegraphs, wireless, shipbuilding and mineral oils which were also to be the responsibility of the state. The private undertaking in these industries were to, however, continue for at least ten years. 3. The third category included the remaining industries, which were to be developed by private enterprise. NEED For INDUSTRILIZATION IN INDIA Industrialisation is the process of manufacturing consumer goods and capital goods and of building infrastructure in order to provide goods and services to both individuals and businesses. As such Industrialisation plays a major role in the economic development of underdeveloped countries like India with vast manpower and varied resources. Let us discuss, in detail, the role of industrialization in the Indian economy. 1. Raising Income: The first important role is that industrial development provide a secure basis for a rapid growth of income. The empirical evidence suggests a close correspondence between the high level of income and industrial development. In the industrially developed countries, for example, the GNP per capita income is very high at around $ 28,000. Whereas for the industrially backward countries it is very low at around $ 400 only. 2. Changing the Structure of the Economy: In order to develop the economy underdeveloped countries need structural change through industrialization. History shows that in the process of becoming developed economy the share of the industrial sector should rise and that of the agricultural sector decline. This is only possible through deliberate industrialization. As a result, the benefits of industrialization will ‘trickle down’ to the other sectors of the economy in the form of the development of agricultural and service sectors leading to the rise in employment, output and income. 3. Meeting High-Income Demands: Beyond certain limits, the demands of the people are usually for industrial products alone. After having met the needs of food, income of the people are spent mostly on manufactured goods. This means the income-elasticity of demand for the manufactured goods is high and that of agricultural products is low. To meet these demands and increase the economy’s output underdeveloped countries need industrialization. 4. Overcoming Deterioration in the Terms of Trade: Underdeveloped countries like India need industrialization to free themselves from the adverse  effects of fluctuations in the prices of primary products and deterioration in their terms of trade. Such countries mainly export primary products and import manufactured goods. The prices of primary products have been falling or are stable whereas the prices of manufactured products have been rising. This led to deterioration in the terms of trade of the LDCs. For economic development such countries must shake off their dependence on primary products. They should adopt import substituting and export oriented industrialization. 5. Absorbing Surplus Labour (Employment Generation): Underdeveloped countries like India are characterized by surplus labour and rapidly growing population. To absorb all the surplus labour it is essential to industrialise the country rapidly. It is the establishment of industries alone that can generate employment opportunities on an accelerated rate. 6. Bringing Technological Progress: Research and Development is associated with the process of industrialization. The development of industries producing capital goods i.e., machines, equipment etc., enables a country to produce a variety of goods in large quantities and at low costs, make for technological progress and change in the outlook of the people. This results in bringing about an industrial civilization or environment for rapid progress which is necessary for any healthy economy. 7. Strengthening the Economy: Industrialisation of the country can provide the necessary elements for strengthening the economy. In this regard the following points may be noted. (a) Industrialisation makes possible the production of goods like railways, dams, etc. which cannot be imported. These economic infrastructures are essential for the future growth of the economy. (b) It is through the establishment of industries that one can impart elasticity to the system and overcome the historically given position of a primary producing country. Thus, with industrialization we can change the comparative advantage† of the country to suit its resources and potentialities of manpower. (c) Through industrialization the requirements for the development of agriculture can be met. For example, improved farm-implements, chemical fertilizers, storage and transport facilities, etc., appropriate to our own conditions can be adequately provided only by our own industries. (d) The industrial development imparts to an economy dynamic element in the form of rapid growth and a diversified economic structure which make it a progressive economy. (e) Providing for Security:  Industrialisation is needed to provide for the country’s security. This consideration becomes all the more critical when some international crisis develops. In such situation, dependence of foreign sources for defence materials is a risky affair. It is only through industrial development in a big way that the national objective of self-reliance in defence materials can be achieved.

Explain the Responsibility of the Human Resources Department :: Business and Management Studies

Explain the Responsibility of the Human Resources Department Within any business the Human Resources department is a vital functional area. The department’s main role is to ensure the welfare of employees and make sure any problems are resolved quickly and efficiently whether internal or external. Although this is the main function of the department there are also a number of other roles the Human Resource department handles within a business: Ø Development and monitoring employee appraisal system Ø Overseeing industrial relations Ø Dealing with disciplinary Ø Paying Salaries Ø Redundancy Ø Training and development Ø Recruitment and selection All the above are typical functions carried out by the human resources department, as they are clearly linked to employees and problems they may have. Although the above are typical functions carried out by the human resources department there are sometimes other functions that are specific to certain businesses that have to be dealt with when they arise. HSBC I will be studying a part of HSBC that was formally known as Merrill Lynch. Merrill Lynch was set up in 2001 and aimed to revolutionise the way in which investors banked. In July 2002 HSBC took over 100% of the ownership of Merrill Lynch and it was now part of the HSBC group. The telephone call centre that was opened near Leamington Spa’s ‘Spa Park’ created hundreds of jobs for people in the surrounding areas. Throughout this project I will be studying the functions of the human resources department at HSBC in Leamington Spa. HSBC have many internal departments, which mean that communication within the company is vital. Each of these departments depend heavily upon one anther in the day-to-day running of the business. When recruiting HSBC must ensure that they have a clear strategy that they follow throughout the recruitment and selection process. As they employ a large number of people it is important that they select the right people first time due to the costs associated with recruitment and selection. When HSBC needs to recruit a large number of people they use agencies to help reduce the administration work for the human resources department and generally get the job done more efficiently. Unemployment within Leamington Spa is at record lows, and for that reason HSBC need to make sure they offer appealing positions with attractive salaries to recruit successfully. This can be done through newspaper advertisements and HSBC need to ensure that in these advertisements they portray the company image in a positive light. As the human resources department covers a large amount of tasks and functions I have decided to cover the main activities that are most important to the organisation. Ø The Working Environment

A Role for Equity Theory in the Turnover Process Essay

The purpose o f the present study was to examine the role o f equity theory in the context of the contemporary turnover process. A model was developed and tested with 192 hospital employees using structural equation modeling (SEM), which placed satisfaction and intention to quit as mediators of employee turnover. The results strongly support the present model, but also suggest a role for other mediators, some of which are suggested for future research. Equity theory (Adams, 1963, 1965) continues to be a major model stimulating considerable research regarding work motivation in recent years (Bretz & Thomas, 1992; Carr, McLoughlin, Hodgson, & Maclachlan, 1996; Glass & Wood, 1996; Greenberg, 1990; Harder, 1991, 1992; Huseman, Hatfield, & Miles, 1985, 1987; Johnson & Johnson, 1991; Joshi, 1990; King & Miles, 1994; King, Miles, & Day, 1993; Miles, Hatfield, & Huseman, 1994; Perry, 1993; Sheehan, 1993; Sweeney, 1990; Van Dierendonck, Schaufeli, & Sixma, 1994). Briefly summarized, equity theory suggests that an employee compares the ratio of his or her outcomes to inputs to the ratio of outcomes to inputs of some referent other. Employees who perceive themselves in an inequitable situation will be dissatisfied and will try to reduce the inequity. Although Adams (1963,1965) proposed a number of ways that employees might reduce inequity, research concerned with organizations has tended to focus on employee reactions to pay inequity, such as low performance and dissatisfaction (Greenberg, 1990). Leaving the situation (i.e., voluntary turnover) was also postulated as a tension reaction mode by Adams ( 1 963, 1965), but only a few studies have examined the impact of inequity perceptions on turnover in the context of contemporary ideas regarding a turnover process (e.g., Horn & Griffeth, 1995; Mobley, 1977). The purpose of the present study is to test the relationship between equity perceptions and turnover within the context of such a contemporary turnover process model.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe authors greatly appreciate the comments of Peter Hom, Debra Cohen, Peggy Lewis, and two anonymous reviewers on earlier versions of this paper. 1018 GRIFFETH AND GAERTNER Early research into the equity-turnover relationship, using aggregate rates of turnover, found mixed results. For example, Telly, French, and Scott (1971) found aggregated perceptions of equity within subunits of an organization to be significantly related to that subunit’s turnover rate for the previous 11 months on five of the seven dimensions (e.g., supervision, social aspects). Dittrich and Carrel1 ( 1 979) developed and tested a five-dimension measure of equity perceptions that they called the Organizational Fairness Questionnaire (OFQ). They found that the five factors (pay rules, pay administration, work pace, pay level, and rule administration) underlying the OFQ were not predictive of turnover rates by department. However, pay rules (a factor that combines comparisons of one’s own pay to that of coworkers with the fairness of the rules for granting pay increases and promotions) and work pace (fairness of the supervisor in maintaining a fair pace of work activity) were predictive of absence. While not directly predictive of turnover, employee perceptions of the fairness of pay rules and equality of pay among coworkers and of supervisor control of the work pace were strongly predictive of job satisfaction ( R 2 = S8). Equity and Individual Turnover At the individual level, tests of a direct relationship between equity perceptions and turnover have also had mixed results. For example, Oldham, Kulik, Ambrose, Stepina, and Brand ( 1 986) found that equity perceptions in combination with job complexity descriptions were marginally predictive of  turnover. Vecchio, Griffeth, and Hom’s (1986) initial findings were that perceptions of supervisor control over work-pace equity were significantly related to turnover. However, when leader-member exchange quality was added, this variable fully mediated the equity-turnover relationship. Finally, Randall and Mueller (1995) found no significant direct relationships between turnover and distributive or procedural justice perceptions. They suggested two plausible explanations for this lack of significant findings. First, the effect of equity on turnover is not direct, but rather is mediated by several other variables such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intention to stay. Second, a lack of alternative employment opportunities among the nurses in their sample induced them to stay despite possible inequities. This latter explanation seems less probable since turnover and shortage rates among nurses remained high into the mid-1990s (Hom & Griffeth, 1995). Another set of studies has examined the relationship of equity perceptions to intention to stay. The results in these studies have also been mixed. Scholl, Cooper, and McKenna ( 1 987) found that comparisons using others outside the company in similar jobs and comparisons of one’s own pay in the past were significant predictors of turnover intentions. However, Ronen (1 986) found that neither equity referent (others inside the organization or others outside the organization) nor job level (skilled workers vs. managers) was significantly  related to turnover intentions. Finally, Berg (1991) found that global perceptions of equity were significant predictors of intention to stay among television employees. Strictly speaking, however, Berg did not actually measure equity. Instead, he asked employees to assess their perceptions of fairness without reference to some comparison other. Again, it seems plausible, especially based on Adams’ (1 963, 1965) theory, that job  dissatisfaction would be the immediate result of inequity perceptions, mediating the effects on turnover intentions and actual turnover. In conclusion, these studies show relatively weak or inconsistent support regarding the relationship between inequity perceptions and turnover. There are several reasons for this inconsistency. First, all of these studies examined the direct influence of equity on turnover, generally ignoring the mediating role of felt tension of job dissatisfaction (Adams, 1963, 1965). Some studies attempted to link equity perceptions to intention to stay (or quit), a weak test of the equityturnover relationship. According to Steel and Ovalle (I 984), intention to quit is a relatively poor surrogate for actual turnover, typically accounting for less than 25% of turnover variance. Moreover, the earlier studies were unable to take advantage of recent advances in the study of turnover identifying the process of employee turnover (Horn & Griffeth, 1991, 1995; Hom, Griffeth, & Sellaro, 1984; Mobley, 1977). Contemporary turnover theorists posit a series of cognitive and affective linkages translatingjob dissatisfaction into turnover cognitions and behavior. Perhaps the major weakness of each of these studies was the omission of satisfaction as a mediating variable. More recent models that propose linkages between equity and turnover explicitly incorporate perception of equity as an exogenous variable that has an impact on turnover via job satisfaction and quit intentions (Hulin, Roznowski, & Hachiya, 1985; Price & Mueller, 198 1). Two studies have placed the equity-tumover relationship within the context of such a process model. Summers and Hendrix (1991) included perceptions of pay equity for comparisons with a generalized other (someone of similar knowledge, skills, and abilities), self (past), others inside the company, and others outside the company. Respondents were then asked to select the three most important referents. Only the equity perceptions with regard to the single most important referent were used as a measure of pay equity. Of respondents, 6% chose others outside of the company as their most important referent. A generalized other was the most frequently selected, followed closely by self (past). The model test revealed a significant mediated relationship between pay equity and turnover. The significant and hypothesized intervening variables were pay satisfaction, overall job satisfaction, and intention to  leave. Iverson and Roy (1994) performed a relatively comprehensive test of the Price and Mueller (1981, 1986) turnover model, which specifically includes elements of equity perceptions of various benefits and pay in relationship to coworkers. Although the correlation coefficient for the relationship between equity and job satisfaction was positive and significant, the hypothesized and  revised model yielded a negative (also significant) relationship between the two variables. Such a reversal may be indicative of multicollinearity (Neter, Wasserman, & Kutner, 1990) and suggests that a more parsimonious model might be practical. A second weakness of this test of the equity-turnover relationship is the use of behavioral commitment, or intention to stay, rather than actual turnover as the ultimate dependent variable (Steel & Ovalle, 1984). However, both the hypothesized and the revised model confirm affect Cjob satisfaction) as a mediator of the relationship between equity and intention to stay. For both of the process model tests, the conceptualization of equity was narrowly limited to distributional outcomes, such as pay and benefits (Iverson & Roy, 1994; Summers & Hendrix, 1991) or to comparison others inside the organization (Iverson & Roy, 1994). Prior research has found multiple comparison others to be important and, although pay seems to dominate perceptions of equity (Berg, 1991; Scholl et al., 1987; Summers & Hendrix, 1991), other facets are also important (Oldham et al., 1986; Telly et al., 1971; Vecchio et al., 1986; Wilhelm, Herd, & Steiner, 1993). It is the primary purpose of the present investigation to reexamine the role of equity perceptions within the context of contemporary turnover theory and empirical research at the individual level of analysis. Toward this end, a model of this process is developed and tested based on equity theory. Both the predictive and nomological validity of this model are examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). This model and the hypothesized relationships among the model constructs are shown in Figure 1. Model Development The present model posits a turnover process initiated by perceptions of  inequity in relationship to three key determinants of job satisfaction: pay satisfaction, satisfaction with one’s supervisor, and satisfaction with the work itself. We postulate perceptions of inequity as determinants of these facets of job satisfaction, and, in doing so, we expand on two components of Adams’ (1 963, 1965) equity theory. First, Adams’ conceptualization of equity as concerned with the ratio of inputs to outcomes only (distributive justice) reflects the contemporaneous understanding of justice. More recently, justice has been characterized as a process, and researchers have delineated two meaningful elements in addition to distributive justice as important to explaining perceptions of justice (Bies & Moag, 1986; Greenberg, 1990). These two elements are procedural justice, which refers to the rules and procedures used to arrive at the distribution of outcomes, and interactional justice, which refers to the way those who carry out the process relate to the recipient party (Bies & Moag, 1986; Greenberg, 1990). While these elements tend to be highly correlated, each uniquely adds to our understanding of the justice perceptions and reactions to those perceptions (Folger & Konovsky, 1989; McFarlin & Sweeney, 1992).

The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing

Chapter 01 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing True / False Questions 1. (p. 3) Global commerce thrives during peacetime. TRUE Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 2. (p. 4) To date, the lesson for international commerce in the 21st century is â€Å"expect the unexpected. † TRUE Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 3. (p. 5) Today, every American business is international. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 4. (p. 5) One event that will influence the shape of international business as the future unfolds is the rapid growth of the World Trade Organization, NAFTA, and the European Union.TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 5. (p. 5) One event that will influence the shape of international business as the future unfolds is the unprecedented acceptance of communism and socialism in Latin America. FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 6. (p. 5) A trend that will impact international business in the future is a mandate to properly manage the resou rces and global environment. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 7. (p. 5) Today, most business activities are local or regional in scope. FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge . (p. 6, Crossing Borders 1. 1) What do French farmers, Chinese fishermen, and Russian hackers have in common–they can all receive subsidy payments from the U. S. government. FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 9. (p. 6) Foreign-made products remain a small portion of all consumer products sold in the United States. FALSE Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 10. (p. 8) U. S. companies compete with global competitors in foreign markets and have little competition in domestic markets from global competitors. FALSE Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 11. (p. , Exhibit 1. 2) The leading U. S. multinational with foreign revenues of $345 billion plus annually is Wal-Mart. TRUE Difficulty: Hard Type: Knowledge 12. (p. 9) International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 13. (p. 9-10) A good illustration of an uncontrollable variable that might impact international business is a marketing decision with respect to research.FALSE Difficulty: Hard Type: Application 14. (p. 11, Exhibit 1. 3) The foreign uncontrollable environment is the same as the domestic uncontrollable environment. FALSE Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension 15. (p. 12) The level of technology is an uncontrollable element for international marketers. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 16. (p. 14) The political and legal environment is a controllable element for international marketers because of the ability to lobby and influence legislation. FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 7. (p. 14) In a broad sense, the uncontrollable elements of the foreign business environment constitute the culture. TRUE Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension 18. (p. 15) John refuses to buy Japanese products because he sees them as a way of selling out to nation known for its aggressive behavior. John is using a self-reference criterion to make his decision. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Application 19. (p. 15) A self-reference criterion is closely related to ethnocentrism. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 20. (p. 5) Sam Watkins just recently ate and, therefore, feels justified in refusing food from his Middle Eastern host. In this instance, Sam's self-reference criterion has just saved him from making a cultural blunder. FALSE Difficulty: Hard Type: Application 21. (p. 16) To avoid errors in business decisions, it is necessary to conduct a cross-cultural analysis that emphasizes the need for ethnocentrism. FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 22. (p. 17) To be globally aware, you should be tolerant of cultural differences. TRUE Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension 23. ( p. 7) To be globally aware, you should require that all of your international customers know about your cultural rules and adhere strictly to each one. FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 24. (p. 18) If a company is in a stage designated as being one with â€Å"no direct foreign marketing,† the company does not actively cultivate customers outside national boundaries. TRUE Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 25. (p. 20) Of all the stages in international business, a stage called â€Å"regular foreign marketing† produces the most profound change in the orientation of the company toward markets and associated planning activities.FALSE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 26. (p. 22) If a company uses a strategic orientation called domestic market extension, it views its international operations as secondary to and an extension of its domestic operations. TRUE Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 27. (p. 22-23) The global marketing concept views the marketplace as consisting of one primary domestic market that is complimented by several smaller regional markets. FALSE Difficulty: Hard Type: Knowledge Multiple Choice Questions 28. (p. 3) International __________ play an important role in promoting global peace and prosperity.A. foreign aid and treaties B. competition and consumer spending C. trade and marketing D. consumer and industrial services Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 29. (p. 4) According to the text, all of the following events have impacted international business EXCEPT: A. the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 B. the high-tech bust of 2001. C. the steroids in major league sports scandal D. 2003 SARS outbreak in Asia. E. September 11, 2001 disasters. Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension 30. (p. 5) Of all the events and trends affecting global business today, four stand out as the most dynamic.Which of the following would be one of those events? A. The trend toward buying American cars in Europe. B. The trend toward the acceptance of t he free market system among developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe. C. The trend toward using English as the global language. D. The trend toward establishing a world currency. E. The trend toward worldwide instant communication. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 31. (p. 5) All of the following events and trends are among the four major trends described in the chapter as having a major impact or effect on global business EXCEPT: A. he trend toward the acceptance of the free market system among developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe. B. the rapid growth of the World Trade Organization and regional free trade areas such as NAFTA and the European Union. C. the burgeoning impact of the Internet and other global media on the dissolution of national borders. D. the trend toward decreasing OPEC profits as oil reserves decline in the 21st century. E. the mandate to properly manage the resources and global environment for the generatio ns to come.Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension 32. (p. 5-6) Strategic plans that are competitive in global markets are _____. A. the challenge of international marketing B. expanded domestic marketing plans C. not necessary for small firms D. multilingual and multicultural in scope Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 33. (p. 5) Every American company is international, at least to the extent that: A. Federal law requires all corporations to outsource whenever it is cost-effective. B. the Internet generates orders for all American businesses from abroad. C. ts business performance is affected by events that occur abroad. D. natural disasters create a greater global community. E. all of the above. Difficulty: Hard Type: Knowledge 34. (p. 5) Simi Khan wants to move his business into the international arena as quickly as possible; however, to be successful he must consider a variety of factors that have global dimensions. Which of the following factors would be most important to Simi Khan' s computer technology business as he moves forward with his global expansion plans? A. Electricity usage around the world. B.The drive toward a more ergonomic workplace. C. Communication and technology networks in third-world countries. D. Restrictions on advertising in Russia. E. Increasing licensing fees in Spain and Portugal. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Application 35. (p. 7) Foreign investment in the United States is growing yearly. At present, foreign investment in the United States is in excess of $16. 3 ______________. A. trillion B. million C. billion D. thousand E. cannot be determined. The government does not track foreign investment. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 36. (p. ) Companies from ____________________ lead in foreign investment in the United States: A. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia B. Russia C. China D. United Kingdom E. Canada Difficulty: Hard Type: Knowledge 37. (p. 7) Foreign investment is a two-way street. An organization (through investment and acquisition) fr om which of the following countries now controls all United Kingdom rail freight business and runs the queen's private train via its English, Welsh, & Scottish Railway unit? A. Germany B. Switzerland C. United States D. Canada E. Netherlands Difficulty: Hard Type: Knowledge 38. (p. 9, Exhibit 1. ) Many U. S. firms do exceedingly well in the global arena. Which of the following organizations is considered to be the U. S. leader with global revenues approximated at $345 billion annually? A. IBM B. ExxonMobil C. Ford Motor D. Wal-Mart E. Hewlett-Packard Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 39. (p. 9) For firms venturing into international marketing for the first time, the first requirement is: A. employment of foreign nationals in target foreign markets. B. a thorough and complete commitment to foreign markets. C. obtain market data from consulate of the country being targeted.D. an assessment of the cost of doing business in the foreign market. E. performance reviews of all potential salespeople being considered for foreign assignment. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 40. (p. 9) ___________ is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit. A. Global management B. Global business C. Marketing D. International marketing E. Global marketing concept Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 41. (p. ) The performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit is called: A. global management. B. global business. C. marketing. D. the global marketing concept. E. international marketing. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 42. (p. 9) The only difference between the definitions of domestic marketing and international marketing is that marketing activities: A. focus on consumers in domestic markets and bartere rs in foreign markets. B. take place in more than one country.C. follow traditional communication paths in domestic markets. D. focus on distribution in the domestic market. E. are usually non-regulated in foreign markets. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 43. (p. 9) According to the text, the primary difference in the practice of marketing at the domestic versus the international level is: A. the environment within which the marketing plans must be implemented. B. the revenues necessary to be successful. C. the demand charts available to the marketer. D. the control over the budget. E. the accountability of board of directors. Difficulty: HardType: Comprehension 44. (p. 9) With respect to the environment in which a business operates, such factors as competition, legal restrains, government controls, and the weather would all be examples of what are called: A. controllable elements. B. uncontrollable elements. C. predictable elements. D. demographic elements. E. cultural elem ents. Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 45. (p. 9-10) All of the following would be considered to be controllable elements of marketing decisions EXCEPT: A. product. B. price. C. promotion. D. research. E. government regulations. Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 46. (p. 1, Exhibit 1. 3) Considering the model of the international marketing task displayed in the text, which of the following reasons demonstrates the most important difference between the international marketer's task and that of the domestic marketer? A. The international marketer must deal with at least two levels of uncontrollable uncertainty instead of one. B. The international marketer must rely on at least two levels of controllable certainty instead of one. C. The international marketer is never certain about supply or demand. D. The international marketer is never certain about total market size.E. The international marketer must be aware of international monetary exchange rates. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Compreh ension 47. (p. 11, Exhibit 1. 3) Robert Jonas is in charge of a new marketing effort directed toward Peru. In order for his company to effectively market and distribute to all of Peru's major cities, Mr. Jonas must devise a logistics plan for crossing the Andes Mountains on a daily basis. Which of the following foreign environment uncontrollable variables would be a chief concern as Mr. Jonas devises his plan? A. Competitive forces B. Cultural forces C.Geography and infrastructure D. Economic forces E. Political/legal forces Difficulty: Moderate Type: Application 48. (p. 11, Exhibit 1. 3) Compared to the foreign environment uncontrollable variables, which of the following elements is excluded from the domestic marketer's list of uncontrollable variables? A. Political forces B. Competitive structure C. Economic climate D. Cultural forces E. Legal forces. Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension 49. (p. 11, Exhibit 1. 3) All of the following would be among the domestic marketer's controll able environmental variables EXCEPT: A. esearch. B. price. C. product. D. channels of distribution. E. economic climate. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 50. (p. 11, Exhibit 1. 3) All of the following appear as a foreign environment uncontrollable variable in the model of the international marketing task shown in the text EXCEPT: A. economic forces. B. competitive forces. C. product demand forces. D. cultural forces. E. political/legal forces. Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 51. (p. 10) Amy Sims has been assigned the task of preparing a marketing plan for company for the next year's business activities.She knows that she should begin her plan by examining the variables that she has some control over. These controllable variables would include price, product, channels-of-distribution, and: A. demand. B. supply. C. competition. D. economic climate. E. promotion. Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 52. (p. 10) A political decision involving _______________ would most likely have a direct effect on a firm's international marketing success. A. domestic foreign policy B. immigration reform C. oil exploration policy D. FCC satellite regulations E. FAA airline regulations Difficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge 53. (p. 11) Which of the following would be a chief way that U. S. companies attempt to influence domestic foreign policy? A. A company could lobby with respect to its own interests. B. A company could attempt to bribe elected officials to influence policy decisions. C. A company could ask a foreign government to bring pressure on U. S. legislative bodies. D. A company could threaten to withdraw operations from foreign markets. E. A company could threaten to move its corporate headquarters to a foreign market. Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension 54. (p. 2) Competition within the home country can have a profound effect on the international marketer's task. Which of the following BEST illustrates this statement? A. Boeing recently opened talks with its primary trade union to avoid a forecasted strike. B. Microsoft and Dell have jointly invested $700 million in a new venture to investigate high technology of the future. C. Fuji opened a $300 million plant in the U. S. and now commands a 12 percent share of the lucrative U. S. film market. D. Several name companies are still under investigation because of the Enron scandal.E. Declaration of independence by Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Application 55. (p. 12) With respect to challenges faced by the international marketer, a significant source of uncertainty is the number of factors in the: A. foreign environment controllables. B. foreign environment uncontrollables. C. domestic environment controllables. D. parallel environment uncontrollables. E. parallel environment controllables. Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension 56. (p. 12) Ralph Waite has just been assigned the task of reviewing his ompany's international investment opportunities. He knows that his view of the list of opportunities should be tempered by foreign environment uncontrollables that might be encountered. Which of the following would be the BEST illustration of a foreign environmental uncontrollable that Mr. Waite should investigate? A. A country's level of technology. B. Pricing policies in the foreign country. C. The ability to do research in the foreign country. D. Manufacturing capabilities in the foreign country. E. The ability to do advertising in the foreign country. Difficulty: Hard Type: Application 57. (p. 2) The _____________ is an uncontrollable element that can often be misread because of the vast differences that may exist between developed and undeveloped countries. A. Structure of distribution B. competitive forces C. economic forces D. political/legal forces E. level of technology Difficulty: Hard Type: Knowledge 58. (p. 13) The _____________ and issues abroad are often amplified by the â€Å"alien status† of the company, whi ch increases the difficulty of properly assessing and forecasting the dynamic international business climate. A. structure of distribution B. competitive forces C. economic forces D. olitical/legal forces E. level of technology Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 59. (p. 13) Which of the following would be the BEST illustration of the â€Å"alien status† found in the political and legal arena that sometimes cause problems for international marketers as they attempt to do business in foreign countries? A. A company in the U. K. recently purchased Ben & Jerry's ice cream operations. B. The Indian government told Coca-Cola that it must reveal its â€Å"secret formula† if it wished to continue do business in India. C. Richard Branson's Virgin Cola was not widely accepted in the United States. D.French Canadians prefer French to English when conducting business in Canada. E. British Airlines and Japan Airlines join American Airlines to form OneWorld Alliance. Difficulty: M oderate Type: Application 60. (p. 14) Global businesses must be willing to adjust and adapt a marketing program to a foreign market. In a broad sense, the environmental uncontrollable elements constitute the: A. problem. B. opportunity. C. culture. D. marketplace. E. commerce landscape. Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension 61. (p. 14) The task of ____________ is the most challenging and important one confronting international marketers.A. care for the environment B. dealing with politics C. international standardization D. cultural adjustment E. international branding Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 62. (p. 14) Which of the following would be the BEST example to illustrate the fact that international marketers need to make cultural adjustments as they seek to do business abroad? A. In America, white is an accepted color for wedding gowns; in Asia it is the color of mourning. B. Many teens earn extra income by working. C. Women out number men in the United States. D. Most Mi ddle Eastern women do not work outside the home. E.Many European nations require a period of national service for youth. Difficulty: Hard Type: Application 63. (p. 15) ____________ is the conscious effort on the part of the international marketer to anticipate the influences of both the foreign and domestic uncontrollable factors on a marketing mix and then adjust the marketing mix to minimize the effects. A. Standardization B. Adaptation C. Segregation D. Segmentation E. Projection Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 64. (p. 15) The primary obstacles to success in international marketing are a person's _________ and an associated ethnocentrism. A. egionalism B. holism C. self-reference criterion D. segregation E. integration Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension 65. (p. 15) _____________ is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions. A. Regionalism B. Holism C. Self-reference criterion D. Segregation E. Xenophobia Diff iculty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 66. (p. 15) In the United States, unrelated individuals keep a certain physical distance between themselves and others when talking or in groups. We do not consciously think about that distance; we just know what feels right without thinking.Someone from another culture would not necessarily understand this and would apply their own rules for contact when speaking. The preceding is an illustration of what is called applying a ___________ when reviewing the mentioned social custom of contact. A. self-space B. segregation C. integration D. space command theory E. self-reference criterion (SRC) Difficulty: Moderate Type: Application 67. (p. 15) Your ____________ can prevent you from being aware that there are cultural differences or from recognizing the importance of those differences. A. self-space B. personality C. demographic character D. elf-reference criterion (SRC) E. concept of integration Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension 68. (p. 16) The most effective way to control the influence of ethnocentrism and __________ is to recognize their effects on our behavior. A. the self-reference criterion (SRC) B. regionalism C. tunnel vision D. standardization E. xenophobia Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 69. (p. 17) To avoid errors in business decisions, it is necessary to conduct a cross-cultural analysis that isolates the self-reference criterion influences. Which of the following would be the BEST first-step to take to avoid the aforementioned errors?A. Redefine the problem without the SRC influence. B. Solve the problem for the optimum business goal situation. C. Isolate the SRC influence in the problem and examine it carefully to see how it complicates the problem. D. Define the business problem or goal in home-country cultural traits, habits, or norms. E. Define the business problem or goal in foreign-country cultural traits, habits, or norms through consultation with natives of the target country. Difficulty: Hard Type: A pplication 70. (p. 17) Which of the following steps in a cross-cultural analysis to solate self-reference criterion influences would finalize the process and lead to a solution of the problem? A. Redefine the problem without the SRC influence and solve the problem for the optimal business goal situation. B. Isolate the SRC influence in the problem and examine it carefully to see how it complicates the problem. C. Define the business problem or goal in home-country cultural traits, habits, or norms. D. Define the business problem or goal in foreign-country cultural traits, habits, or norms through consultation with natives of the target country. E.The last step is not indicated in the list of alternatives. Difficulty: Easy Type: Application 71. (p. 17) To be globally aware, an international marketer must have all the following EXCEPT: A. a tolerance of cultural differences. B. a knowledge of cultures. C. a knowledge of history. D. a knowledge of microeconomics. E. a knowledge of worl d market potential. Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 72. (p. 17) Successful businesspeople in the twenty-first century have ___________ and a frame of reference that goes beyond a region or even a country and encompasses the world. A. a sense of fashion B. lobal awareness C. an intimate knowledge of ecological problems D. a consumer mind-set E. a pronounced skill in promotion Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 73. (p. 18) There are a variety of stages in the process of becoming involved in international marketing. Which of the following best describes the stage of development where the company's products reach a foreign market through no conscious effort on the part of the marketer? A. Infrequent foreign marketing B. Regular foreign marketing C. No direct foreign marketing D. International marketing E. Global marketing Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension 4. (p. 18) If a marketer is motivated to enter into an international marketing effort because of temporary surpluses in the dom estic market, which of the following stages BEST characterizes the stage of international marketing involvement for this marketer? A. Infrequent foreign marketing B. Regular foreign marketing C. No direct foreign marketing D. International marketing E. Global marketing Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 75. (p. 19) James Bright's company seek markets all over the world and attempts to sell products that are a result of planned production for markets in various countries.Which of the following stages BEST characterizes the stage of international marketing involvement for Mr. Bright's company? A. Infrequent foreign marketing B. Regular foreign marketing C. No direct foreign marketing D. International marketing E. Global marketing Difficulty: Hard Type: Application 76. (p. 20) Maria Peron's company treats the world, including the home market in Spain, as one market. Market segmentation decisions no longer focus on national borders. Instead, market segments are defined by income l evels, usage patterns, and other factors that span countries and regions.Which of the following stages BEST characterizes the stage of international marketing involvement for Ms. Peron's company? A. Infrequent foreign marketing B. Regular foreign marketing C. No direct foreign marketing D. International marketing E. Global marketing Difficulty: Moderate Type: Application 77. (p. 22) If a company basically sees the process of international marketing as one where the domestic company seeks a sales extension of its domestic products into foreign markets, the company is using which of the following concepts to formulate its international policies and strategies?A. Domestic market extension concept B. Multidomestic market concept C. Global marketing concept D. Universal marketing concept E. Standardized marketing concept Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension 78. (p. 22) The Ajax Corporation has decided to enter the international marketing arena by marketing its products on a country-by-co untry basis, with separate marketing strategies for each country. The company is using which of the following concepts to formulate its international policies and strategies? A. Domestic market extension concept B. Multidomestic market conceptC. Global marketing concept D. Universal marketing concept E. Standardized marketing concept Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 79. (p. 22-23) A company using the ________________ views an entire set of country markets as a unit, identifying groups of prospective buyers with similar needs as an opportunity market segment and develops a marketing plan that strives for standardization wherever it is cost and culturally effective. A. domestic market extension concept B. multidomestic market concept C. global marketing concept D. universal marketing concept E. tandardized marketing concept Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension Fill in the Blank Questions 80. (p. 3) _____________ commerce thrives during peacetime. Global (or international) Diff iculty: Easy Type: Knowledge 81. (p. 7) ___________ (country) leads in foreign investment in the United States. The United Kingdom Difficulty: Hard Type: Knowledge 82. (p. 9, Exhibit 1. 2) Among the top ten players in the global game of commerce, __________ (company) leads the pack with $345 billion in revenues coming from global markets. Wal-Mart Difficulty: Hard Type: Knowledge 83. (p. ) ___________ marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit. International Difficulty: Easy Type: Knowledge 84. (p. 11, Exhibit 1. 3) Domestic marketing elements as price, product, promotion, channels of distribution, and research are called ____________ elements. controllable Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 85. (p. 15) A person's self-reference criterion is often associated with an associated term called ________. ethnocentrism Difficulty: ModerateType: Knowledge 86. (p. 15) A person's ________________ is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions. self-reference criterion (SRC) Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 87. (p. 17) The successful businessperson in the twenty-first century has global _____________ and a frame of reference that goes beyond a region or even a country and encompasses the world. awareness Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 88. (p. 20) At the __________ marketing level, companies treat the world, including their home market, as one market. globalDifficulty: Hard Type: Knowledge 89. (p. 23) The global _____________ views an entire set of country markets as a unit, identifying groups of prospective buyers with similar needs as a global market segment. marketing concept Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge Essay Questions 90. (p. 3) Global commerce thrives in peacetime. Explain why this statement is true. Economic booms often oc cur as the world finds itself at peace. Resources go toward research and technology rather than â€Å"war machines. † Peace brings renewed efforts to negotiate and trade. Barriers generally come down between nations.Nations enter into partnerships and alliances that foster trade. Individual companies are willing to take greater investment risks when peacetime is blooming. Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension 91. (p. 4) Provide examples of events and issues that contribute to uncertainty in the international marketing environment. Answers will vary but may include any of the issues discussed on page 4 including, terrorism, growth of the U. S. balance of payments deficit, conflicts between the U. S. and China, predictions of collapse in U. S. consumer spending and housing markets. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 92. (p. ) List and briefly describe the four events or trends described in the text that have shaped international business beyond today's bumpy roads and into the future. The events or trends are: (1) the rapid growth of the World Trade Organization and regional free trade areas such as NAFTA and the EU; (2) the trend toward the acceptance of the free market system among developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe; (3) the burgeoning impact of the Internet and other global media on the dissolution of national borders; and, (4) the mandate to properly manage the resources and global environment for the generations to come.Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension 93. (p. 6) Joan Wilson owns a small software company, SecureSoft, that specializes in home network security. The company has been in business for 5 years and its sales have grown rapidly. Last year the company began offering international versions (multilanguage) of its software. SecureSoft sells its products through a network of software distributors. However, recently Ms. Wilson has become concerned that Russian software hackers have produced pirated copies of th e company's leading software. Explain how the Russian hackers disrupt SecureSoft's international marketing efforts.SecureSoft international marketing efforts will now have to take into account the lost of sales/profits due to the pirated software. Virtually all components of marketing will likely be impacted. Marketing will have to consider product modifications to preclude prirating efforts, a change in distribution to direct sales, and other software protection schemes. In addition, special advertisement and promotion may be required to promote the security-enhanced products. These efforts to protect is software against piracy come at a cost which means that software retail prices will increase. Difficulty: ModerateType: Application 94. (p. 9) Define international marketing. International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a pro fit. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 95. (p. 10-12, Exhibit 1. 3) List and briefly discuss the domestic environment uncontrollable elements found in the model that describes the international marketing task. The domestic environmental uncontrollable elements include political/legal forces, competitive structure, and the economic climate.For a brief discussion of each element see pages10-12. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 96. (p. 11, Exhibit 1. 3) List and briefly comment on the elements found in a company's domestic controllable environment. The elements include price, product, promotion, channels of distribution, and research. For more information see page 10. Difficulty: Easy Type: Comprehension 97. (p. 10-14, Exhibit 1. 3) Explain the differences between the domestic environment uncontrollable elements and the foreign environment uncontrollable elements. According to information presented in the text and in Exhibit 1. , the domestic environmental uncontrollable ele ments include the political/legal forces, competitive structure, and the economic climate. The foreign environment is more inclusive with the following elements political/legal forces, economic forces, competitive forces, level of technology, structure of distribution, geography and infrastructure, and cultural forces. For additional information on differences see pages 10-14. Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension 98. (p. 14-15) To be an effective international marketer, why is it necessary to master cultural adjustment? Explain.The marketers must adjust their marketing efforts to cultures to which they are not attuned. In dealing with unfamiliar markets, marketers must be aware of frames of reference they are using in making their decisions or evaluating the potential of a market. As an illustration, the story goes that two shoe salesmen report back to their companies after making a survey trip to an impoverished portion of Africa. One salesman says, â€Å"There is no market for sh oes–no one has any money–poverty is everywhere. † The other shoe salesman (representing world famous Bata Shoe Company) says, â€Å"Great news everybody needs shoes. Bata leads the world in selling shoes to third-world countries. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 99. (p. 15) Explain the concept of the self-reference criterion (SRC). SRC is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decisions. The concept is closely associated with ethnocentrism. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Knowledge 100. (p. 16) To avoid errors in business decisions, it is necessary to conduct a cross-cultural analysis that isolates the self-reference criterion influences.List the four steps that make up the framework for such an analysis. The steps are: (1) define the business problem or goal in home-country cultural traits, habits, or norms; (2) define business problem or goal in foreign-country cultural traits, habits, or norms throu gh consultation with natives of the target country–make no value judgments; (3) isolate the SRC influence in the problem and examine it carefully to see how it complicates the problem; and, (4) redefine the problem without the SRC influence and solve for the optimum business goal situation.Difficulty: Hard Type: Comprehension 101. (p. 17) In order for a company to be globally aware, the company must do what two things (according to the text)? The company must (1) have a tolerance for cultural differences and (2) have knowledge of cultures, history, world market potential, and global economic, social, and political trends. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 102. (p. 23) With respect to a strategic orientation to conducting international marketing, describe the global marketing concept.The global marketing concept views an entire set of country markets (whether the home market and only 1 other country, or the home market and 100 other countries) as a unit, identifying gro ups of prospective buyers with similar needs as a global market segment and developing a marketing plan that strives for standardization wherever it is cost and culturally effective. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Comprehension 103. (p. 5) Rick Russell owns a small company that specializes in waste cleanup on the high seas. He believes that his company can grow dramatically if he can find foreign partners and investors.According to the events and trends cited in the text as affecting global business today, which of these trends would have the most impact on Mr. Russell's business? Explain your rationale. After reviewing the trends, the trend that is most likely to affect Russell's operation is the fourth trend–the mandate to properly manage the resources and global environment for the generation to come. Students should supply their own rationale. If another trend is chosen, it should be explained, characterized, and justified. Difficulty: Moderate Type: Application 04. (p. 11, E xhibit 1. 3) Scott Web Services has decided to go international with their new anti-spam software. Using the International Marketing Task model shown in the text, discuss which factors will impact Scott Web Services the most as it gears up to pursue international expansion. To effectively answer this question, students must be familiar with Exhibit 1. 3. Students can comment on the inner ring (domestic controllables), middle ring (domestic environment [uncontrollables]), and the outer ring (foreign environment [uncontrollables]).Students should focus on the technological aspects of the company, political/legal forces, competitive forces, and cultural forces that might impact the company. Students can be creative with this answer; therefore, you might wish to establish ground rules or guidelines. Difficulty: Hard Type: Application 105. (p. 15-17) You are about to eat at a friend's house for dinner. However, your friend is from a foreign country and you are sure that his family will h ave prepared an ethnic meal for you.Explain how your self-reference criterion (SRC) might cause you problems with your upcoming new experience. What should do about this? This example is created to stimulate students into thinking about how that their own â€Å"cultural baggage† can sometimes make a new experience frightening. Eating strange food among â€Å"foreigners† is a common occurrence. Stimulate students think about what SRC is and how it can either hinder or help a relationship. For additional information on SRC, see pages 15-18. Difficulty: Easy Type: Application