Argument Against Taking Death As A Genuine Evil - 1295 Words

In the Lucretius’ argument against taking death as a genuine evil, one can understand his his conclusion that death should not be feared because one was nonexistent as well before birth. His first premise introduces that one would not have feelings before our birth because we are nonexistent, so we would not have any fear after death as well because one will be nonexistent. Before birth we do not experience fear, so we should not experience fear before death as well. In Lucretius argument one can object his conclusion by involving loss and deprivation after death and further explaining how it is reasonable to experience fear before death. However, if one was to accept it, then one would have to question Fischer and Brueckner’s account about loss and deprivation and how it affects one’s feelings before death. Lucretius concept represents how we should not fear death, since we were once nonexistent before our birth. Here is where one sees how nonexistence before bi rth and non existence after death differ in various ways. We would have to consider that although we were once nonexistent before birth, we also did not have a life we valued and enjoyed. Lucretius did not include how after death we would experience loss, which is when we once possessed life. One would also be deprived of the good things in life after death, and would not have the chance to experience life in the future. The difference between loss and deprivation is that with loss you once possessed theShow MoreRelatedThe Argument Of God s Existence1737 Words   |  7 Pagesparticular paper I will be taking the best explanations approach. What I mean by this is I do not have proof of God’s existence but the existence of God is the best explanation for the universe around me. With this statement in mind we will discuss arguments in support of God’s existence as well as philosopher H.J McCloskey’s article On Being an Atheist. Within McCloskey’s article he refers to three well known theist arguments as proofs the cosmological, teleological and argument from design. The CosmologicalRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of Augustine’s and Ireneaus Theodicy1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Strengths and Weaknesses of Augustine’s and Ireneaus Theodicy ‘Evil did not come from God, since God’s creation was faultless and perfect’ (St Augustine) St Augustine was a man wrote a theodicy about the problem of evil and suffering based on the Creation and Fall of Genesis in the bible, he believed that evil was caused by something that was outside the omnipotence of God. God himself is all powerful but after creating the world, he Himself would not be ableRead MoreEssay on Modern Criticism of Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin1403 Words   |  6 PagesWomen† (496). Some modern readers are repulsed by Stowe’s desire to reform society, but that is because in our times the purpose of literature is to represent the world, not change it. Because the modern critic finds it hard to identify with Stowe’s genuine desire to improve society, he sees it as an example of her self-righteousness. Because the sentimental novel appeals to the reader’s emotions, many of its scenes may strike the modern reader as overly dramatic. Baldwin claims the ostentatiousRead MoreThe Existence Of God And Theism2410 Words   |  10 Pagesdiscussion of the Cosmological, teleological, design arguments, and how he refutes these arguments to invalidate the existence of God and theism. McCloskey throughout his article refers to cosmological, teleological, and design arguments as proofs. Stated from Merriam-Webster a proof is, â€Å"Something which shows that something else is true or correct†. This goes to show that McCloskey is arguing the existence of God and is giving these three arguments the basis that they are correct. Although as statedRead MoreEssay on How Do Virtue and Chance Contribute to Happiness?1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthe course of this essay, the viewpoints of Aristotle, Epicurus, and the school of Cyrenaics will be utilized to determine the extent to which virtue and chance contribute to happiness. However, before progressing further, for the basis of this argument, a clearly defined vision of happiness is required, as individuals may perceive and, thus, define happiness in slightly or vastly different ways. As a result, for the purpose of advancing this discussion, happiness will be defined primarily by EpicurusRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 PagesEast-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends to charge him interest, which is against Jewish economic-religious principles (Bate 425). 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People usually have special individual purposes to make a tattoo. Making tattoos is a prevalent way to engrave memory in the mind. Notes is a simple way to leave notations, and all the things needed to take a note are a pen and something to write. Taking notes is the originally tradit ional way to record the memory. Due toRead MoreSocrates, Philosophy and the Good Life Essay2607 Words   |  11 Pageschose to live a life of truth and not to worry about things that did not matter. For Socrates not to live his life by the plans and requests of Gods it would be disobedient and untrue to the Gods. Socrates was brought to court to defend himself against two charges. Socrates is guilty of corrupting the young, and of failing to acknowledge the gods acknowledged by the city, but introducing new spiritual beings. ² Thorough analysis of his defense of his court charges, his definition of the goodRead MoreThe Odyssey And The Apology1743 Words   |  7 Pagesthe epic when he could easily have had the luxury of being the husband of a goddess (5. 208). In The Odyssey, Odysseus is by far from perfect. His arrogance causes him to have a Cyclops say a curse against him, which significantly prolonged his voyage home. His arrogance causes the eventually death of all this men due to the treacherous voyage home. He continuously cheats on his wife with beautiful goddess and temptresses. This was needed to gain information and to gain pity from the gods. On Kalypso’s

Operations Management Comparing Servicing Industry and...

The main factor that differentiates products from services is tangibility. Although these industries have different operations, as we are moving towards a world that is more and more service based it is observed that operations management theories, approaches and other methodologies used in manufacturing can mostly be modelled to work in the service industry. In this essay we will be contrasting some principles of operations management between Ford Motor Company and McDonald s, two succesful multinational companies with prominent operations functions. a) When it comes to processes and activities, there are wide differences between a service-based organisation and a manufacturing environment. In the production line of a factory like†¦show more content†¦Housekeeping: staff continuously ensures cleanliness of the tables, floor and customer facilities, approvisioning of straws and napkins as well as availability of space in bins. Although the primary purpose of both organisation type is to fufil customer s needs, there are important differences which will dictate their operational setup, known as the four Vs (Volume, Variety, Variation, Visibility). In the case of Ford Motor Company, we have the typical scenario of a car manufacturer that create batches of the same cars in high volume but in low variety. Because there is very little variation in demand along with no customer interaction for their operational staff, as such the production line is designed to ensure precision in the similarity of all the finished product. Following Ford s mission to be â€Å"a global family with a proud heritage passionately committed to providing personal mobility for people around the world† and to â€Å"anticipate consumer need and deliver outstanding products and services that improve people s lives†; the operations design allows food quality through the use of both machinery and specialised workers along with a thorough quality check. However in such a competitive market, their operations process design does not differentiate them from other car manufacturers. Their production line is designed in a very standard way for an automobile producer and does not contribute to differentiatingShow MoreRelatedVideo Case Arnold Palmer Hospital S Supply Chain Essay639 Words   |  3 Pageslarge buying group, one servicing 900 members. But the group did have a few limitations (Heizer Render, 2011). 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Crisis Communication free essay sample

Definition A crisis can occur in a myriad of contexts, including organizational, family, national, or interpersonal. The communication before, during and after a crisis is a transactional activity that helps individuals or organizations to prepare for or cope with the crisis event (Reynolds Seeger, 2005). Crisis communication is studied primarily in the context of organizations (e. g. , Benoit 1995, Fearn-Banks, 2009), although it is critical in coping with crises in all contexts. Organizational Crisis Communication By definition, crisis communication in an organization is an interaction, dialogue, or conversation between an organization and its public and stakeholders before, during, and after the crisis occurrence (Benoit, 1995). In addition, crisis communication is a part of the crisis management process, which details a strategic plan and procedure for recovery for an organization that has suffered a negative impact as a result of a crisis and helps the organization to control the damaging situation (Coombs, 1999). Prior to 1980, crisis communication was believed to be part of the process of organizational reputation recovery after the crisis (Gottschalk, 1993); however, according to Fearn-Banks, (2006) contemporary crisis communication is viewed as an ongoing process rather than a one-time strategic response. Public relations practitioners have echoed this more expansive view of crisis communication by including stages of a crisis including crisis planning, development of contingencies, risk identification, and crisis avoidance (Gudykunst, 2002). Moreover, communication serves several important functions before, during, and after a crisis. First, resources for crisis response are systematically organized through communication (Heath, 2004). Professional crisis management agencies like the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) rely on communication for this function as a core element of crisis management procedures (Heath, 2004). In addition, communication can mitigate the damage of a crisis by coordinating the provision of tangible goods like insurance or organizational communication flow charts. According to enactment-based perspectives, communication frames the meaning of crisis events (Van Ruler Vercic, 2005). Crisis participants determine the meaning of events through communication by asking questions of cause, blame, and the ultimate consequences of the crisis (Williams Olaniran, 1998). Family/Interpersonal Crisis Communication Communication is also a central process in interpersonal and family crisis management. In fact, interpersonal influence was the earliest form of crisis communication, because information was passed through interpersonal channels before technology was possible (Garnett Kouzmin, 2007). The primary mode of interpersonal crisis communication is face-to-face, and although this type of communication may lack the perspective of organizational communication, it often has more direct relevance (Garnett Kouzmin, 2007). Moreover, communication functions to help individuals in families to resolve problems, promote resilience, and affirm beliefs (Walsh, 1996). Although this body of research is less developed than literature on organizational crisis communication, it does acknowledge the critical role of communication during a crisis. Crisis Communication Research: The Role of Theory Most research on crisis communication has focused on guidelines and procedures gathered from practitioners, rather than taking a more theoretical perspective (Ziaukas, 1999). However, Grunig (2002) argued that public relations and crisis communication need to conceptualize theoretical frameworks for their bodies of knowledge. Modern research on crisis communication has developed in two directions (Hearit, 1995). One encompasses theoretical models on corporate apologia and impression management (e. g. Benoit, 1995, 1997; Coombs, 1995). The aim of this approach is to develop strategies that will improve an organization’s image after a crisis has occurred. The other direction looks beyond post-crisis communication by focusing on the role of issues management and risk communication during crisis incubation. Crises often result from poor communication between organizations and the public (Coombs, 1999) and communication problems tend to intensify in a multicultural context. Hence, crisis communication does focus on the distribution of news releases and media relations, but also concerns community relations, consumer relations and other field related to public elations. Crisis Communication Models: Grunig Grunig (2002) outlined four models for public relations and crisis communication that indicate the relationships between an organization and its public or stakeholders: 1. Press Agentry/ Publicity Model: In this model, Crisis Communication practitioners may or may not offer truthful statements to their target audience(s). They are more interested in making their organization famous; and do not expect feedback from their public. 2. Public Information Model: The key characteristic of this model is that the practitioners of Crisis Communication resemble an information distributer. The primary difference with respect to other models one is that truthfulness and accuracy in the information that is distributed is required. 3. Two-way Asymmetric Model: This model is also known as the social science model. In other words, Crisis Communication Practitioners should use social science theories or research methods, such as surveys, to help themselves achieve their goals. They attempt to understand the characteristics of their public; however, the level of informational transparency between an organization and public is unequal. The public rarely, if ever, enjoys opportunities to access information about the organization. . Two-way Symmetric Model: This model is also known as the mutual understanding model. This is to say, there is a two-way dialogue between the public and an organization, and it is not simply a one-way form of communication. The purpose of research and social science methods in this model is not for propaganda or persuasion purposes but rather for purp oses of communication and fuller understanding. 5. Crisis Communication Management Defined 6. Following the strategic approach for public relations, we define crisis communication management as an ongoing and holistic process, in which the lace actively communicates with the public in order to minimize any damage to the place image. Knowing that having an image crisis is no longer a question of â€Å"if† but rather a question of â€Å"when†, all places should be involved in crisis communication management, regardless of their current image or the probability of a crisis. In order to gain a better understanding and elaborate the definition of crisis communication management, we can inspect the different crisis communication activities taken in the different stages of a crisis: 1. Precaution In accordance with its name, during the precaution stage most actions taken by organizations and places have nothing to do with a specific crisis situation but mainly concern preventive measures. This ongoing stage is used to create a strong and favorable image for the place through activities such as social contribution, community relations, allocating resources to PR, and creating good media relations. 2. Planning-Prevention In the second stage of crisis communication management, the places main goal is to prepare for future crises and to try to prevent them before they get out of control. The main tasks in the planning-prevention stage are the preparation of issue management plan (risk management), and the creation of a communication response strategy (also known as emergency response and action strategy). 3. Crisis Coping Crisis coping is a highly complex task in which a wide variety of measures are taken to contain the crisis, reduce its scale, and bring it to an end. As in the preceding stages, a correct, professional, and proactive use of crisis communication techniques can ease the perception of the crisis and prevent long-term damage to the places image. On the other hand, places that do not succeed in gaining control of the crisis coverage and delivering the right messages might find themselves facing a long-term image crisis. 4. Post-crisis In every crisis there is a post-crisis stage, starting once the smoke has cleared and lasting months or even years after the physical crisis has faded. From the perspective of crisis communication management, this stage is used for PR, advertising and marketing campaign aimed at altering the place’s image and re-attracting tourists, visitors and investors. isis refers to sequence of unwanted events at the workplace which lead to disturbances and major unrest amongst the individuals. Crisis generally arises on a short notice and triggers a feeling of threat and fear in the employees. In simpler words crisis leads to uncertainty and causes major harm to the organization and its employees. It is essential for the employees to sense the early signs of crisis and warn the employees against th e negative consequences of the same. Crisis not only affects the smooth functioning of the organization but also pose a threat to its brand name. What is Crisis Communication ? Crisis Communication refers to a special wing which deals with the reputation of the individuals as well as the organization. Crisis communication is an initiative which aims at protecting the reputation of the organization and maintaining its public image. Various factors such as criminal attacks, government investigations, media enquiry can tarnish the image of an organization. Crisis Communication specialists fight against several challenges which tend to harm the reputation and image of the organization. Need for Crisis Communication Crisis can have a negative effect on brand image. Crisis Communication experts are employed to save an organization’s reputation against various threats and unwanted challenges. Brand identity is one of the most valuable assets of an organization. The main purpose of Crisis Communication team is to protect the brand identity and maintain the organization’s firm standing within the industry. Crisis Communication specialists strive hard to overcome tough situations and help the organization come out of difficult situations in the best possible and quickest way. Crisis Communication Process Employees should not ignore any of the external parties and important clients Come out, meet them and discuss the problem with them. There is nothing to be ashamed of. If needed, seek their help. Media must not be ignored. Answer their questions. Avoiding media makes situation all the more worse. ?Don’t criticize individuals. Show a feeling of care and concern for them. Share the ir feelings and encourage them not to lose hope. Encourage them to deliver their level best. Put yourself in their place. Respect them and avoid playing blame games. ?Effective communication must be encouraged at the workplace during emergency situations. Employees should have an easy access to superior’s cabins to discuss critical issues with them and reach to a mutually acceptable solution. ?Information must flow across all departments in its desired form. One should not rely on mere guess works or assumptions during crisis. Make sure the information you have is accurate. ?Crisis communication specialists must learn to take quick decisions. Remember one needs to respond quickly and effectively during unstable situations. Think out of the box and devise alternate plans for the smooth functioning of organization. Make sure information is kept confidential. Serious action must be taken against employees sharing information and data with external parties. Such things are considered highly unprofessional and unethical and spoil the reputation of the organization. ?The superiors must evaluate performance of employees on a regular basis. Ask for feedbacks and reports to know what they are up to. Conduct surprise audits to track perf ormance of employees. Organizations hire crisis communication specialists to overcome tough times as well as to maintain their reputation and position in the market.

Magnetic Turtle an Example of the Topic Education and science by

Magnetic Turtle by Expert Leah. | 08 Dec 2016 Abstract Need essay sample on "Magnetic Turtle" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Earths magnetic field serves as ubiquitous source of directional and positional information for many marine animals. These animals use this information for their needs to survive like choosing correct migratory pathways, returning back home and to catch their prey to name a few. This has been confirmed by many researchers by behavioral experiments on many marine animals. Some examples are migration of Hatchling sea turtle in the North Atlantic Gyre, navigation of Spiny Lobsters and magnetic orientation behavior of Tritonia Diomedea. This paper reviews the magnetic navigation behavior of the Hatchling Sea Turtles and Spiny Lobsters and the behavioral experiments carried out to confirm the same by different researchers. Very little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying magnetic navigation behavior of different marine animals due to complexity of neural network. Therefore, researchers have chosen Tritonia Diomedea, which has relatively simple neural network and studied its magnetic orientation behavior by employing electrophysiological methods to explore the underlying neural mechanisms and try to extract the bigger picture by analyzing and correlating the data. This paper reviews the research in this direction as well and discusses important findings and finally the author concludes that besides behavioral experiments little is known at least about the basic mechanisms and processes underlying the magnetic navigation behavior of marine animals and besides the other important aspects of the issue, work needs to be done on the role played by higher order processing in circuits involving the sensory information. Sensory System and Navigation Human beings are having a set of sensory systems that fullfils their needs of survival on this planet in their habitat. The important sensory systems are the vision system, the hearing system, contact sensing system, temperature sensing system etc. Any of the sensory systems can be looked upon to be made up of receptors, signal processing systems and actuation mechanisms. These sensory systems are known to adapt to the habitat and guides our actions, reactions whatever we call it. In different organisms different sensory systems are evolved different levels of sophistication according to the needs of their habitat. Of these sensory systems, it is mainly the vision system that guides navigation behavior of most of the organisms, at least on the land mass of the Earth. The organisms that rely on their vision system identify and store various landmarks and thus make a map, in their mind, which they use to navigate to the desired destinations. Besides, they have visibly identifiable direction markers like rising and setting sun and different stars. So obsessed we are with our vision system, which is quite natural looking at the extent to which we rely on it for our own navigational and other needs, that apparently it looks as the only possible sensory system to support a sophisticated navigational behavior. However, scientific finding contradict this notion and present before us strange observations where highly sophisticated navigational behavior of many species could exists with little support from the vision system. This is observed mainly in marine animals. These animals reside in different habitat, need to migrate on different length and time scales and finally they need to return home. Not only this, they need to be reasonably accurate and precise on their pathway during the course of migration as the deviation from the proper path could prove fatal. Surprisingly they do so under seawater, where sunlight can hardly reach to shine their habitat or pathways, visibility is very poor due to turbidity and more importantly their habitat lacks features or what we say without any landmark (so obsessed we are with landmarks!). Migratory Behavior of Hatchling Sea Turtle Hatchling sea turtles go on their specific migratory track, along the North Atlantic Gyre, since generations, in their life cycle. This migratory track originates from their birthplace at the east coast of Florida, USA. Starting from their nests at the east coast of Florida, USA, they cross the beach to the sea and migrate offshore to the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Gyre. This is a circular system encircling the Sargasso Sea (Cain et al 2005). They remain in the Gyre system for several years and cross to the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean. After that they return to the south eastern USA i.e. their birth place, to reside in the coastal feeding grounds. The primary reason for this migratory pathway is that the North Atlantic Gyre is food-rich environment for young turtles. However, the turtles can not afford to stray beyond the extremes of the gyre as it will be fatal for them. Near Portugal, the east-flowing stream of the Gyre pides and the northern branch goes past Great Britain and temperature of the water falls rapidly. If at all the turtles are swept northwards they will soon die of cold. Similar is the situation at the southern extreme of the Gyre where failing to recognize the extremes of the Gyre will throw them in the vast sea and far away fro their home. So the question is how the young turtles with no experience of the Gyre, determine extremes of the Gyre so precisely? Do they have some kind of map built in them and some sensory system continuously sensing and telling them as where on this map they are? We will return to the answer but before, let us explore another equally important example. Navigation of Spiny Lobsters The Caribbean Spiny Lobster resides on hard bottom and coral reefs throughout the waters of Caribbean and south eastern US. They are nocturnal and spend their day protected within crevices and holes. They travel considerable distance during night and at the end comeback to either same den or another similar den nearby. Even when these lobsters are taken away and left at a location several kilometers away from their home, they come back home. Again the question is how they the direction and path to their home. Which sensory system they rely upon for such a perfect navigational capability? Navigation Based on Magnetic Sensory System These marine animals have developed a geomagnetic compass to determine direction (Lohmann et al 1995a). Behavioral experiments under replicated magnetic field conditions have stimulated similar navigational behavior in hatchling turtles and spiny lobster than that in their actual migratory path. But to return home with such an accuracy and precision requires having much more than just magnetic compass sense. They must be capable be constructing maps by detecting and combining different features of magnetic field. Several features of magnetic field like field intensity and the angle at which geomagnetic lines intersect Earths surface vary with latitude, predictably and these can be used in position finding (Lohmann 1999). Johnsen et al (2005) have reviewed physics and neurobiology of magnetorecection. They have examined the possible mechanisms of magnetoreception. The mechanisms are 1. Electromagnetic Induction, 2. Chemical Magnetoreception and 3. Magnetite sensors. The authors have evaluated the physics and / or chemistry underlying each of these mechanisms, evidence for these mechanisms and contradictions in accepting these mechanisms. Mechanism Underlying Magnetic Orientation Though, little understanding has been gained about the basic mechanisms underlying magnetoreception, based on behavioral experiments it can be said without any doubt that, there exists a fairly evolved magnetoreception and magnetic sensory system based on geomagnetism that helps them navigate so well in absence of any other sensory system to do the same. Not only the magnetoreception system, rather the entire magnetic sensory system is still a mystery to be solved. Which part of the neural system receives the magnetic signal from the environment, which part of the neural system is then takes these signals for further processing, how the signals are processed, what signals are given to which part of the neural system to generate the actuation signal. The entire circuitry and not just the circuitry but the higher order processing aspects are all very little known. The reason being the complexity of the neural network of the vertebrate, which makes it difficult to isolate the magnetic effects from other effects for deriving useful information by employing the electrophysiological studies. To overcome complexity of neural network of the vertebrates, a simple invertebrate Tritonia Diomedea was chosen for electrophysiological studies. This animal was chosen as it shows magnetic orientation under behavioral experiments and has very simple central nervous system consisting of approximately 7000 neurons in six fused ganglia and many of these neurons can be identified by their color, size and location within central ganglia. Besides, the nervous system is readily accessible for electrophysiological studies. Intracellular electrophysiological recordings show that three bilaterally symmetric pairs of identifiable neurons respond with altered electrical activity to changes in Earths magnetic field strength. Two of these pairs identified as Pd5 and Pd6 are excited by changes in direction of ambient magnetic field, while the third pair Pd7 neuron is inhibited by same magnetic stimuli that excites Pd5 and Pd6. Therefore, it can be concludes that in Tritonia Diomedea the three neuron pairs Pd5, Pd6 and pd7, are magnetically responsive cells and function in the neural circuitry underlying magnetic orientation behavior. Recent anatomical, electrophysiological and immunological analyses have provided some insight into likely roles of these neurons. Pd5 and Pd6 are large cells (~ 400 m) and produce peptide neurotransmitters and therefore, these are likely to function in generating or modulating the motor output of the magnetic orientation circuitry. The function of Pd7 is not so obvious, however some possible functionality of the same has been offered. Like Pd7 possibly controls or modulates some subtle aspects of tuning or locomotion that occurs during magnetic orientation behavior. Another possibility is that it might be suppressing the behavior that otherwise impede magnetic orientation or locomotion. Besides, neurobiological investigation of magnetic orientation in Tritonia Diomedea a few work has been done on the neural mechanisms underlying magnetic navigation behavior of vertebrates. However, not much success has been reported so far primarily due to complexity of their neural network. Also, hardly any work has been done on the role higher order signal processing associated with sensory systems. It should be noted that the original signals detected by sensors are considerably altered by the higher order signal processing and has hardly any resemblance with the original signals. Therefore, this aspect is very important and should find special focus in any serious research aiming to reveal the basic mechanisms underlying magnetic orientation behavior of different animals. References Cain S. D., Boles L. C, Wang J. H. and Lohmann K. J. (2005). Magnetic Orientation and Navigation in Marine Turtles, Lobsters, and Molluscs: Concepts and Conundrums. Integr. Comp. Biol., 45, 539-546. Johnsen Snke and Lohmann K. J. (2005). The Physics and Neurobiology of Magnetoreception. Nature Reviews (Neuroscience), 6, 703-712. Lohmann, K. J., Pentcheff N. D., Nevitt G. A., Stetten G. D., Zimmer-Faust R. K., Jarrard H. E. et al. (1995a). Magnetic Orientation of Spiny Lobsters in the Ocean: Experiments with Undersea Coil Systems, J. Exp. Biol., 198, 2041-2048. Lohmann K. J., Hester J. T. and Lohmann CMF. (1999). Long Distance Navigation in Sea Turtles, Ethol. Ecol. Evol., 11, 1-23.