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Chapter 7: Review Question : 3 3Q) How do the Internet and Internet technology work, and how do they support communication and e-business? Ans) The Internet is a worldwide network of networks that uses the client/server model of computing and the TCP/IP network reference model. Every computer on the Internet is assigned a unique numeric IP address. The Domain Name System (DNS) converts IP addresses to more user-friendly domain names. Worldwide Internet policies are established by organizations and government bodies, such as the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Define the Internet, describe how it works, and explain how it provides business value. The Internet has become the world’s most extensive, public communication system that now rivals the global telephone system in reach and range. Most homes and small businesses connect to the Internet by subscribing to an Internet service e provider. An Internet service provider (ISP) is a comm ercial organization with a permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary connections to retail subscribers. †¢Explain how the Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addressing system work.It would be incredibly difficult for Internet users to remember strings of 12 numbers; the Domain Name System (DNS) converts domain names to IP addresses. The domain name is the English-like name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric IP address for each computer connected to the Internet. DNS servers maintain a database containing IP addresses mapped to their corresponding domain names. To access a computer on the Internet, users need only specify its domain name. DNS has a hierarchical structure. At the top of the DNS hierarchy is the root domain.The child domain of the root is called a top-level domain, and the child domain of a top-level domain is called is a second-level domain. The Internet is based on the TCP/IP networking protocol suite. Every computer on the Internet is as signed a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address, which currently is a 32-bit number represented by four strings of numbers ranging from 0 to 255 separated by periods. When a user sends a message to another user on the Internet, the message is first decomposed into packets using the TCP protocol. Each packet contains its destination address.The packets are then sent from the client to the network server and from there on to as many other servers as necessary to arrive at a specific computer with a known address. At the destination address, the packets are reassembled into the original message. †¢List and describe the principal Internet services. A client computer connecting to the Internet has access to a variety of services. These services include e-mail, electronic discussion groups, chatting and instant messaging, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and the Web.E-mail: E-mail enables messages to be exchanged from computer to computer, with capabilities for routing messages t o multiple recipients, forwarding messages, and attaching text documents or multimedia files to messages. Although some organizations operate their own internal electronic mail systems, most e-mail today is sent through the Internet. The costs of e-mail is far lower than equivalent voice, postal, or overnight delivery costs, making the Internet a very inexpensive and rapid communications medium. Chatting:Many workplaces have employees communicating interactively using chat or instant messaging tools. Chatting enables two or more people who are simultaneously connected to the Internet to hold live, interactive conversations. Chat systems now support voice and video chat as well as written conversations. Many online retail businesses offer chat services on their Web sites to attract visitors, to encourage repeat purchases, and to improve customer service. Instant Messaging: Instant messaging is a type of chat service that enables participants to create their own private chat channels. The instant messaging system alerts the user whenever someone on his or her private list is online so that the user can initiate a chat session with other individuals. Instant messaging systems for consumers include Yahoo! Messenger, Google Talk, and Windows Live Messenger. Companies concerned with security use proprietary instant messaging systems such as Lotus Sametime. News Groups: Newsgroups are worldwide discussion groups posted on Internet electronic bulletin boards on which people share information and ideas on a defined topic, such as radiology or rock bands.Anyone can post messages on these bulletin boards for others to read. Many thousands of groups exist that discuss almost all conceivable topics. File Transfer Protocol(FTP): Transferring files from one computer to another computer. These files can be transferred through internet by using communication software’s like chatting, instant messaging and many. Web: The Web is the most popular Internet service. Itâ€℠¢s a system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information using client/server architecture.Web pages are formatted using hypertext with embedded links that connect documents to one another and that also link pages to other objects, such as sound, video, or animation files. When you click a graphic and a video clip plays, you have clicked a hyperlink. †¢Define and describe VoIP and virtual private networks, and explain how they provide value to businesses. The Internet has also become a popular platform for voice transmission and corporate networking. Voice over IP (VoIP) technology delivers voice information in digital form using packet switching, avoiding the tolls charged by local and long-distance telephone networks.Calls that would ordinarily be transmitted over public telephone networks travel over the corporate network based on the Internet Protocol, or the public Internet. Voice calls can be made and received with a c omputer equipped with a microphone and speakers or with a VoIP-enabled telephone. Although there are up-front investments required for an IP phone system, VoIP can reduce communication and network management costs by 20 to 30 percent. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a secure, encrypted, private network that has been configured within a public network to take advantage of the economies of cale and management facilities of large networks, such as the Internet). A VPN provides your firm with secure, encrypted communications at a much lower cost than the same capabilities offered by traditional non-Internet providers who use their private networks to secure communications. VPNs also provide a network infrastructure for combining voice and data networks. Several competing protocols are used to protect data transmitted over the public Internet, including Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). †¢List and describe alternative ways of locating information on the Web.The various al ternative ways of locating information on the Web are namely: Search Engines: Search engines attempt to solve the problem of finding useful information on the Web nearly instantly, and, arguably, they are the â€Å"killer app† of the Internet era. Today’s search engines can sift through HTML files, files of Microsoft Office applications, PDF files, as well as audio, video, and image files. There are hundreds of different search engines in the world, but the vast majority of search results are supplied by three top providers: Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft’s Bing search engine. Intelligent Agent Shopping Bots : Shopping bots use intelligent agent software for searching the Internet for shopping information. Shopping bots such as MySimon or Google Product Search can help people interested in making a purchase filter and retrieve information about products of interest, evaluate competing products according to criteria the users have established, and negotiate with ve ndors for price and delivery terms.Many of these shopping agents search the Web for pricing and availability of products specified by the user and returns a list of sites that sell the item along with pricing information and a purchase link. Web-Blogs: A blog, the popular term for a Weblog, is a personal Web site that typically contains a series of chronological entries (newest to oldest) by its author, and links to related Web pages. The blog may include a blog roll (a collection of links to other blogs) and trackbacks (a list of entries in other blogs that refer to a post on the first blog Wiki’s:Wikis, in contrast, are collaborative Web sites where visitors can add, delete, or modify content on the site, including the work of previous authors. Wiki software typically provides a template that defines layout and elements common to all pages, displays user-editable software program code, and then renders the content into an HTML-based page for display in a Web browser. Social Networking: Social networking sites enable users to build communities of friends and professional colleagues.Members each typically create a â€Å"profile,† a Web page for posting photos, videos, MP3 files, and text, and then share these profiles with others on the service identified as their â€Å"friends† or contacts. Social networking sites are highly interactive, offer real-time user control, rely on user-generated content, and are broadly based on social participation and sharing of content and opinions. †¢Compare Web 2. 0 and Web 3. 0. Web 2. 0 facilitates interaction between web users and sites, so it allows users to interact more freely with each other.Web 2. 0 encourages participation, collaboration, and information sharing. This web 2. 0 is also called as â€Å"Second generation World Wide Web. † Examples of Web 2. 0 applications are Youtube, Wiki, Flickr, Facebook, and so on. This is also termed as ‘ read-write web ‘. Web 3. 0 is als o called as â€Å"Semantic web† which means web for the future. In Web 3. 0, computers can interpret information like humans and intelligently generate and distribute useful content tailored to the needs of users. Web 3. 0 is known as the â€Å"Third generation of World Wide Web†.With the help of Web 3. 0, web content was easily carried in the form of natural language. It also consist of micro formats, natural language search, recommendation agents which are commonly known as AI i. e. Artificial Intelligence. One example of Web 3. 0 is Tivo, a digital video recorder. Its recording program can search the web and read what it finds to you based on your preferences. Reference: Kenneth C. Laudon , Jane P. Laudon — Management Information System: managing the digital firm 12th Edition. [Page numbers: 251 – 274]

Actus Reus and Mens Rea Essay

The elements that constitue mens rea, namely: 1. The accused knew what they were doing 2. They knew what they were doing was wrong (legally) 3. They were in sound mind to choose whether or not to do it 4. They chose to do it anyway. If any of these 4 are not present, then mens rea is not complete, and the person can be found not guilty (including pleading insanity). Furthermore, there is a category of offences known as â€Å"strict liability offences†, for which there need not be any evidence of mens rea i.e. you can be found guilty of commiting a crime even without knowing it. This includes offences such as dog fouling, breaking the highway code etc. Essentially, it says that ignorance of the law is no defence, you’re guilty through the actus reus alone. On the other hand, often the opposite is true, mens rea in itself can lead to conviction i.e. if it was proved that a person was planning/intending to commit a crime, they can be convicted without actually having â€Å"done† anything. Usually, this takes the form of fulfilling an offence in itself e.g conspircay to commit murder. This has a great deal of importance today; if someone purchases a load of chemicals and mixes them to create explosives in their home, the law doesn’t have to wait for tem to blow something up before they can be convicted of terrorism. If you’ve seen the film â€Å"Minority Report†, you’ll know the dangers of taking this to the extreme. Broadly speaking, in criminal law, it must be proved beyond reasonable doubt that a person pposessed the relevant mens rea and committed the actus reus on order to be convicted of a crime. However, to cope with the variety of offences, to encourage awareness of the law and to ensure that the law has a moral element in its operation, then the two doctrine can stand on their own to lead to a conviction.

The National Institutes of Health and The Centers for Disease Control Research Paper

The National Institutes of Health and The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Research Paper Example The efficient work of the organization can be exhibited by the implementation of laws by the nations regarding driving safety such as seat belt laws, child safety seat legislation and licensing laws. This was only because of the active collection of data by the CDC about the motor vehicle crashes in United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). CDC also helps the healthcare facilities and the government to tackle the leading causes of death in the United States and also the causes of disability. It promotes safe and healthy behaviors among the communities and also introduces disease detectives and public health workforce to combat the emerging diseases. National Institute of Health is a government organization that works toward achieving new and up-to-date knowledge of living systems and the application of the new discoveries and researches for the enhancement of human health, reducing illness and improving the environment. NIH fosters basic researches and helps in new and interesting yet applicable researches that can be used for the prevention and treatment of health-related problems. NIH also aims to improve the country’s economy by improving the health and the associated sciences. This is only possible with the successful outcomes achieved by the investments in public research (National Institutes of Health, 2013).

Civil Engineering Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil Engineering Measurement - Essay Example Such earthworks could be for paved areas, for sub-bases, for contiguous filler materials, for surface water channels and for landscape areas. In case of embankments earthworks will be treated as capping tops only while in case of permanent storage it will exclude top soil. For structures below the level of ground, the permanently exposed face below ground level will be considered only. For the case of a foundation the permanently exposed face above ground level down to capping level will be considered. For treated areas the Series Existing Ground Level will be obtained after treatment. The sub soil level will be defined after the removal of the top soil level as per contract specification. Surcharge has been considered as any material put on embankments for loading them. Moreover it has been assumed that one cubic meter removed material is equal to one cubic meter of compacted fill and there is no space for bulking or shrinkage. Another important thing is that excavated materials fro m Series 100 to 500 and Series 700 to 2500 cannot be evaluated according to these designations. For embankments the first 75 mm are not measured but for landscapes the additional fill, deposition and compaction are not measured. The unit of excavation has been delineated as one cubic meter and the total range of measurements for excavation are carried out for the top soil, cuttings, removal of surcharge, structural foundations, foundations for corrugated steel barriers (above and below ground level), new and enlarged water courses, clearing of abandoned water courses, gabion walling, caps for mines, wells, swallow holes etc. and swamps, marshes bogs. It has also been made clear that separate items should be provided for excavation as per Chapter II paragraphs 3 and 4 as well as designated Groups I to IV. Again all measurements are in meters for these groups. In addition the excavation of hard materials has also been designated and the unit of measurement is Hard Material cubic meter while the methods of measurement remain the same as provided above. Separate items have been provided for extra over excavation for hard excavation as Group I and II. The item coverage for soft and hard materials is markedly different and has been defined accordingly. The types of unacceptable materials have also been defined as those that can be processed using mechanical, chemical, hydraulic or other means and the unit of measurement is the cubic meter but measurement can only ensue when required specifically by the contract. Separate items have been provided as per Group I, II and III. In a similar manner the deposition of fill has been designated too and the unit of measurement is cubic meter and separate items have been provided as Group I, II and III. The disposal of material is similar and the unit of measurement is the cubic meter while separate items have been defined under Group I and II. Imported fill is measured in cubic meters too and separate items are designated as G roup I and II. On the other hand, compacted fill is measured in cubic meters and separate items have been designated in Group I, II and III. Moreover for compaction the kinds of voids and gaps that are to be filled are defined as structures, fill on capping, sub base material, road base, fill on bridges, bedding for buried structures and the like. Separate measurement can o

An investigation into the potential of implementing Cause Related Literature review

An investigation into the potential of implementing Cause Related Marketing in Barnados charity in the UK - Literature review Example In the social marketing, the management takes much consideration of the customers’ needs with much concern on the needs of the wider society. Cause Related Marketing is a significant ingredient of this marketing mix (Stein, 2009; pg. 56) Cause-Related Marketing is describe as a commercial activity through which businesses and charities form a partnership for the purpose of marketing a product, an image or a service for a shared benefit. It is a tool that addresses the current social issues by providing resources and funding. Additionally, this tool addresses important business objectives. The Cause Related Marketing began getting its full attention recently. It was not until the CRM was much steamed to the marketers by the American Express, which had devised a promotion which promoted donations of a cent to restore the funds for the Statute of Liberty at every single time a customer made use of the American Express card (Lindsey, 2003; pg.67).   The campaign also included ot her elements like a one dollar donation to fund every new American Express account that had been approved. A true corporate partnership establishes openings for every party to develop joint business opportunities. In an investigation, a link with Barnardo’s, which is one of the UK’s best known charity brands, is found to do that (Petticrew & Roberts, 2005; pg. 87). It is a well know children’s charity organization. There would be numerous benefits on establishing cause-related marketing in Barnardo’s as this would become a simple and an effective way of increasing sales and customer loyalty. This can also promote a positive PR coverage and provide an increasing significant link for ethical customers to align themselves with the charitable cause. Involvement with this charity would create opportunities for a great PR and marketing. The Barnardo’s charity can assist in the promotion for the partnership through their network of close to ten media and communication managers situated in London regional offices and headquarters. This is a prominent national charity that has excellent links to local and national radio and television stations, as well as, with national and regional media. Cause Related Marketing is found to influence customer perceptions and their buying habits. This makes it a vital weapon in the marketing strategy which enhances corporate reputation and increases loyalty. It can build sales and benefit the society thus, becoming an intrinsic tool of the marketing strategy. The Cause Related Marketing has its strength over the traditional forms of marketing as it can provide the emotional and the racial engagement of the consumers (Neyland, 2008; pg. 78). It also incorporates the customer’s heart and their mind thus, giving it the potential to build an enduring and stronger relationship. So many companies in the UK have recognized the potential in the holistic management and corporation of the relationship of all stakeholders that will support the development of successful companies. Cause Related Marketing provides a high profile and an effective way for brand owners to strengthen their relationships, not only with the customers but with all stakeholders including the employees, suppliers, distributers, shareholders, opinion formers as well as a broad relationship with the wider community. Due to the interdependence between the wider communi

Right Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Right Relationship - Essay Example â€Å"Cordelia : All bless’d secrets, All you unpublish’d virtues of the earth, Spring with my tears! be aidant and remediate (Shakespear,121)†. Evidently, It shows that, Cordelia has her morals so deeply rooted in her that she find no way to project her love and admiration for her father. King Lear on the other hand, is a fun and frolic person, who is more engaged in worldly pleasures than royal obligations. He wants to enjoy the luxurious and richness of his kingly status but ignores the responsibilities and duties coming along with it. Moreover, he proclaimed a test to verify the fatherly love of his daughters which shows that he is more of a displayer of love than a believer. Later due to the evil nature of certain characters in the play, King Lear and Cordelier gets captivated and end up in trouble. â€Å"Lear:Ask her forgiveness? Do you but mark how this becomes the house:‘Dear daughter, I confess that I am old;[Kneeling.]Age is unnecessary: on my kn ees I beg That you’ll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food† (Shakespear,68).Apparently, the play is portraying an evident transition in the nature of King Lear as he realizes his daughter’s true dedication and love for him. ... Lear: Out of my sight!† (Shakespeare,8 ). The above conversation shows that, he was a blind in his materialistic world and never could perceive the real beauty of love and affection. However, Cordelier was his favorite daughter but he never could understand her real feelings and emotions .The Shakespeare has portrayed Cordelia as a character who is entirely lovable with little or no traces of evil in her. It is when the evil characters of the play attempt to corner the King that he realizes the love and dedication of his affectionate daughter Cordelia. King Lear being blind to the real truth of nature banishes the two most powerful and loyal characters in the play in an ignorant manner. King Lear banishes his youngest daughter Cordelie for not giving a superfluous speech showing her love for him. Shakespeare shows in the act that a person blind to truth can no longer differentiate between good and evil and remains ignorant all his life. Apparently, all what Shakespeare is tryin g to do is to educate the people as to the value of virtue and vice. Is King Lear virtuous according to Aristotle’s concepts? King Lear can never be considered virtuous till the end of the play. He lives a blind life by giving no consideration for truth, morality and ethics. All his effort was in living as a joyous royal entity by forgetting his duties towards his children and the country.Shakespear in this play is trying to gauge the characters from the point of view of Aristotle. According to Shakespeare, a human nature has only two sides, either goodness or evilness. King Lear indeed fell in to the evil category, even though he developed goodness as to the ending stage

Income Statements Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Income Statements Analysis - Essay Example The â€Å"profit margin† is a good indicator of how a company is able to manage costs in its operations, for example, selling stock. It does not mean that if the total earnings of a company are increasing, then, the profit margin improves. When the costs increase at a greater rate than the sales, then the profit margin reduces. The opposite of this statement is also true. Note that net income is a perfect indicator of the financial health of a company. Net income also indicates the performance of the of the core business operations. The net income is calculated by deducting the expenses from the sales revenue (Fridson, Alvarez and Finance Pro, 2011). As stated earlier, the net profit margin is computed from the net income and sales’ values indicated in the income statement and thus it is also important to discuss the income statement in this section. The income statement mainly includes the items directly or indirectly related to the companies’ activities. The activities can be primary or secondary. Examples of the items included in the income statement may include incomes, revenue, cost of goods sold, tax expenses and gross profit. With these items, we can therefore, compute the net profit margins, which are necessary in determining the profitability of a company from its operations. Before comparing the profit margins for each company, it is important to look at how each company has prepared its income statement. Emaar Properties PJSC and Arabtec Holding PJSC have indicated the particular items included in their income statements. The other companies have indicated the specific items included in their income statements. For example, Emaar Properties’ income statement includes the cost of goods sold, revenue, gross profit, administrative cost profit before tax and tax expense. The company has eliminated other, operating expenses, other operating income,